Description
Review the Summary Paper Rubric , the Summary Paper Example [DOCX] Summary Paper Example [DOCX] – Alternative Formats , and the Tips for Writing Research Papers in Psychology [DOCX] Tips for Writing Research Papers in Psychology [DOCX] – Alternative Formats . Choose a topic. This paper will allow you to more deeply explore a topic we cover in class. Choose a topic we have discussed already or will discuss in the following module. Decide on a topic in psychology that you find especially interesting. The topic may be something we will discuss in class or something you read in the text (or perhaps elsewhere) as long as you can somehow relate it to psychology. Please make sure you choose a topic that is relevant to the daily life of you or someone you know. If you need any assistance during the course of this process, please feel free to ask me for help. Locate a research study article on your topic. After you have your topic, find a research study published in a professional, peer-reviewed journal (not a magazine or newspaper) in PsycINFO through the library’s database. Please do not simply select the first article that you find; rather, read several abstracts and try different search options to find one that is most interesting and relevant to you. To log into and search the PsycINFO database: Visit the library database. Enter your myBama username and password. Enter your topic in the search section. Make it as specific as you want or add multiple search terms. Select an article. What will be displayed is the abstract. You need access to the entire article. Choose the link for the full text or download a PDF version of your entire article. This should be on the left. On the right of the abstract under “Tools” you can email your article to yourself, determine how to cite it using APA, link to it, etc. The article you locate must be an original research study. Do not choose a review article, case study, commentary, or theoretical piece. Your journal article must have a Methods, Results, and Discussion section. The article should mainly describe one specific study (and perhaps a follow-up study). Write a 2-3 page paper that summarizes the research article. Your paper must include the following: A brief summary of the study (2-3 paragraphs, around 1 page). Briefly describe the sample, methods, and major findings. Describe who the participants were if they are particularly relevant (a special population, have certain special qualities). Do not rewrite the article; just address the main points using your own words. Questions to answer: What did they do? What did the sample look like? What were the findings? While you are using your own words, be sure to maintain a formal tone throughout the paper. Do not plagiarize, and provide proper citations where necessary. When writing about the research article, avoid direct quotes, as this is not the convention when reporting research. Instead, loosely paraphrase important points in your own words and cite their source. The introduction section of most journal articles can provide you examples of this and other techniques for writing to a research audience. Description, in your own words, of the strengths and weakness/limitations of the study (2-3 paragraphs, around 1 page). Describe what you learned from the article. What questions did the article leave unanswered? What did you find interesting about the article? What was confusing? This shouldn’t just repeat what the study authors list as their limitations, but rather what you had additional questions about. Discussion of how your article is related to the daily life of you or someone you know (2-3 paragraphs, around 1 page). In general, why did you choose this article? Format your paper as follows: 2-3 pages in length Times New Roman, 12-pt font Double-spaced One-inch margins on all sides Numbered pages Please be sure to: Include a cover sheet with the title of your paper, your name, and the date. This page does not count towards your 2-3 pages. Include a reference page at the end of your paper to cite all material you used in the paper, especially your article. No other citations are required. This page does not count towards your 2-3 pages. Proofread your paper for spelling and grammatical errors. Put everything in your own words. No direct quotes or copying of information will be accepted. Submit your document. To do this: Save your document as LastName_FirstName_Summary.DOCX. Select the TurnItIn link below. Follow the submission instructions in TurnItIn to upload and submit the document you created. Note: If you have any questions regarding the assignment, send me an email.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Employment in Women
Reporting Abuse: 5-Year Data from a Longitudinal Study
Heidi Gilroy1 & John Maddoux2 & Judith McFarlane3
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a common public health problem that has serious consequences for women in terms of health
and functioning. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the major health issues that women face after experiencing
intimate partner violence. There is evidence that sufficient and sustainable employment might decrease risk for PTSD in women
who have experienced violence. The purpose of this study is to investigate if variables related to employment (i.e., income, hours
worked per week, job benefits) affect risk for PTSD over 5 years after women left abusive relationships. Data collection took
place between 2010 and 2016. To test the hypothesis that present employment variables predict the woman’s PTSD in the future,
a series of conditional latent growth curve (LGC) models were conducted. The overall models indicated that there appears to be a
consistent impact of economic factors on PTSD symptoms; however, the variable with the greatest impact was the number of
hours worked. Women who had full-time or near full-time employment were at less risk to have PTSD in the future. These
findings support efforts to increase access to full time work for women who have experienced intimate violence.
Keywords Intimate partner violence . PTSD . Employment
Introduction
TheWorld Health Organization (2013) reports that one in three
women has experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) at
some time in her life. While PTSD is just one of many negative
outcomes of IPV for women, it can be the most debilitating, and
the risk for development of PTSD is substantial. Survivors of
IPV are 2 to 3 times more likely than the general population to
experience PTSD (Dillon et al. 2013).
PTSD affects the woman’s ability to accomplish everyday
life tasks. For example, a woman with PTSD may have difficulty
with cognitive functioning. Twamley et al. (2009) found
an alteration in cognitive processing, especially in mothers with
severe PTSD symptoms. Another study found an association
between PTSD symptomology and decreased problem-solving
skills (Maddoux et al. 2014). Other studies have also found an
association with PTSD and a woman’s ability to parent. For
example, Symes et al. (2016) noted that PTSD may be related
to inconsistent discipline and poor supervision, and Van Ee
et al. (2016) found that mothers may have challenged attachment
in the presence of PTSD.
In addition to everyday life tasks, PTSD also has an effect on
economic functioning and safety of women. Trauma symptoms,
including PTSD, affect a woman’s ability to sustain employment
(Kimerling et al. 2009). Additionally, PTSD can be
costly in terms of healthcare utilization (Rivara et al. 2007) and
may place the woman at risk for further abuse (Sonis and
Langer 2008). Preventing survivors of IPV from developing
PTSD is vital to maximizing mental health and functioning.
Intimate Partner Violence and Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder
In the general population, PTSD can be diagnosed in a few months
of the initial trauma. Symptoms are likely to appear sooner and
may change and usually decrease over the course of months or
years (Davidson and Connor 2001). Understanding the course of
PTSD in survivors of IPV is more complex becausemore than one traumatic event, which can complicate the onset of
and recovery from PTSD (Krause et al. 2008). There is evidence to
suggest that other concrete factors, such as exposure to trauma
(May andWisco 2015) and ethnicity,may play a role in the course
of PTSD (Bubriski-McKenzie and Jasinski 2013). This may
change the risk of PTSD in a woman who has experienced IPV
as well as her recovery.
Cumulative trauma, which is the effect of exposure to a
series of traumas over time, is an important predictor of
PTSD. The landmark study on Adverse Childhood
Experiences (ACE) revealed that trauma exposure in the home
during childhood had a profound effect on neurodevelopment,
putting individuals at risk for poor health outcomes, including
mental health issues (Anda et al. 2006). The effects of cumulative
trauma on post-traumatic stress symptomology do not,
however, end in childhood. A study of 268 female veterans by
Campbell et al. (2008) showed that women who had experienced
more frequent and/or severe trauma related to IPV were
more likely to have PTSD than women who had never experienced
IPV or who experienced less frequent or severe IPV.
Additionally, repeated exposure to traumatic events can make
PTSD symptoms worse and last longer (Karam et al. 2014).
For survivors who had been in women’s shelter, returning to
an abuser after leaving the shelter also increased risk for PTSD
(McFarlane et al. 2015). Lower income is also associated with
a higher risk of developing PTSD after IPV (Coker et al.
2005).
Intimate Partner Violence and Employment
A great deal of work has been done showing that intimate
partner violence is connected to future difficulty with employment
(Showalter 2016). One study of 512 women by Crowne
et al. (2011) found that women were almost twice as likely to
have low employment stability if they had experienced physical
assault by a partner. A 13-year longitudinal study of 234
young adults who had given birth during adolescence showed
that, while not associated with current employment, intimate
partner violence was associated with unemployment in the
future. This same study showed that younger women were at
greater risk for this association (Lindhorst et al. 2007). Poverty
and IPV have been shown to have a cyclical relationship, with
poverty increasing risk for IPV and IPV increasing risk for
poverty. This association can be linked, in part, to employment
difficulties for survivors of IPV (Goodman et al. 2009).
PTSD and Employment
In addition to IPV, the presence of PTSD symptoms
makes it even more difficult for women to find and
sustain work (Staggs et al. 2007). With a sample of
almost 7000 women, Kimerling et al. (2009) found that
PTSD symptoms were a predictor of future unemployment.
While no study could be found linking decreased
risk for PTSD with current employment in survivors of
IPV, other studies indicate that this may be the case.
Employment and higher income have been found to
decrease risk for PTSD symptoms in the future for survivors
of IPV (Rodriguez et al. 2008), and women report
better mental health when employed (Rothman
et al. 2007). PTSD risk related to employment and income
is likely also related to extraneous factors such as
housing (Gilroy et al. 2016; Daoud, et al. 2016) and
healthcare access that may affect the woman’s ability
to have a job as well as her risk for PTSD and its
sequelae (Goodman et al. 2009).
