How does racial discrimination affect seven years old children Assignment | Essay Help Services

I need a literature review about color discrimination you’ll understand me after looking at the annotated bibliography I did but I lost marks on it I’ll also provide the rubric and the teacher’s note and a sample

Assignment #3: Literature Review

Topic: Multiple Intelligences

Introduction:

A professor at Harvard University and a world known writer who goes by the name Dr. Howard Gardner was able to change beliefs by creating a theory called Multiple Intelligences. Before the theory existed, the world’s perception of intelligence was very limited. Gardner developed his theory in order to prove to educators everywhere that no child is basically born simple minded and that no one’s success should be judged or determined by an IQ test. The theory mainly talks about eight different intelligences. As explained by the Multiple Intelligences Theory website, a person may have two to three or maybe even four of them, but can only unfortunately excel at one (http://www.multipleintelligencetheory.co.uk).

Like any other theory, Multiple Intelligences has both its critics and its supporters.  Its critics maintain that it is a theory that is ambiguous and confusing, is not based on any experiential practical research (Klein, 1998), and identifies eight intelligences that are basically nothing more than individual personality traits and talents (Cherry, n.d., p.1). Still, however, on the other hand, there are those who find multiple intelligences theory as a simple and attractive theory and many, especially teachers and educators, who continue to use in their classrooms and work hard on integrating it with other instructional and assessment techniques (Cherry,n.d, p.1).

Different types of intelligences:

The different types of intelligences identified by Gardner in his 1983 revolutionary book Frames of Mind and Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice are: verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical-rhythmic, naturalist, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. Naturalistic intelligence was added in later editions of the book added in later editions of the book (Gardner, 2011). No intelligence is better than the other; each intelligence is simply just different. Once an individual is introduced to this theory, they can become aware of their particular strengths and so they can start using them to improve on their weak areas. According to Gardner, the areas that come most naturally to us are in reality our strengths; whereas, our weaknesses are those areas that require from us more conscious effort in order to develop them. Once we know our strengths, we become more able to employ them to create learning strategies that help us in achieving our learning goals (The Learning Doorway, 2009). Below is a brief description of each of the main intelligences identified by Gardner taken mainly from Fliess (2009) and The Learning Doorway website (2009):

• Verbal-Linguistic: People who enjoy reading, writing, learning other languages, communicating with their own thoughts and are actually good at it are most probably linguistically intelligent. Those whom are gifted with this kind of intelligence have no problem expressing themselves through words and are usually the best storytellers and are able to deliver passionate speeches easily. The best career choices when it comes to this intelligence would be: poet, journalist, teacher, or lawyer.
• Logical-Mathematical: Logical people who are good at reasoning, on the other hand, usually participate in intellectual activities such as solving math problems, experimenting, solving puzzles and playing chess. Their brain is functioned to think logically and mathematically; therefore, they’re the best at calculating and programming. The best career choices when it comes to this intelligence would be: scientist, engineer, researcher, or accountant.
• Visual-Spatial: People with visual special intelligence see the world differently. They see details others cannot and know how to visualize scenes in their head. They mainly have an artistic brain that best serves them in activities such at painting, photography and design. The best career choices when it comes to this intelligence would be: sculptor, mechanic, architect, or interior designer.
• Bodily-Kinesthetic: Dancers, firefighters, surgeons, actors and athletes all fall under bodily-kinesthetic intelligence. They may not all seem similar in many ways but all have one thing in common which is physical movement. People move everyday but it’s the way they move that makes them special or different. Those who are born with this intelligence are usually born with a body that helps them coordinate their actions; while, their built in memory allows them to remember the steps.
• Musical-Rhythmic: It is an intelligence that revolves around rhythm. People with this intelligence learn best when they hear things. Most are great with instruments and are perfect for making record deals. The best career choices when it comes to this intelligence would be: musician, singer, or composer.
• Naturalistic: People who appreciate mother nature and enjoy outdoor activities in the wild more than the manmade world are according to Gardner known as naturalists. They usually are animal lovers and enjoy growing gardens and exploring God’s many creations. They learn best when they do something outdoors and in this sense are a bit similar to those blessed with bodily-kinesthetic intelligence. The best choices of a career path for these people would be: working in forestry, oceanography, farming and plant nurseries.
• Interpersonal Intelligence: Extroverts and introverts may seem like plain personality traits to some but research has shown that people who know how to deal with people and have the ability to communicate and work with them have interpersonal intelligence. Extroverts, whose strength is interpersonal intelligence, usually make great teachers, counselors or therapists. They enjoy listening to people and helping others.
• Intrapersonal Intelligence: Introverts have a higher chance of having intrapersonal intelligence. This intelligence best describes people who spend a lot of time either thinking deeply about big issues in the world or solving metaphysical questions. Because they are deeply spiritually connected with themselves and spend most of their time alone, they make great philosophers.

Implementation of the theory of multiple intelligences:

Where is it implemented?

When it comes to the implementation of Multiple Intelligences theory, it seems to have been given more attention in schools than in institutions of higher education, namely colleges and universities (Barrington, 2004); although, there are those, like Barrington (2004) who argue for the implementation of this theory in universities, since its implementation could help specifically with accommodating universities’ increasingly diverse student body. It could also tremendously help in bridging many gaps existing in universities.

With respect to school implementation, both conventional and alternative or student- centered schools use the theory; however the difference remains in individualization (i.e. teaching each student according to his strengths and needs). Whereas in alternative schools individualization and differentiated instruction is implemented easily, conventional schools face a lot of difficulty implementing it, mainly due to lack of teachers’ training, lack of materials and supplies, and the refusal of students and parents (Oprescu, Craciun, and Banaduc, 2011).

How is it implemented?

Multiple Intelligences theory has mainly been implemented in schools in two main areas: classroom instruction and assessment of students’ learning. In practice, this theory- as explained by the ThirteenEd website (n.d.)- is implemented through the following ways:

• Varying classroom activities and assessment methods for students
• Providing students with authentic (real) learning experiences which are related to their lives
• Involving as much as possible parents and the community in students’ education
• Giving students the chance to shine by showing off their areas of strength
• Teaching for understanding.

What are the benefits of its implementation?

The implementation of Multiple Intelligences theory in schools has proven to have several benefits, like for example the following, as explained on the ThirteenEd website (n.d.):

• It increase students’ motivation to learn
• It helps in increasing students’ self-esteem when they learn the way their brain is designed to take in information best.
• It pushes teachers to teach for understanding rather than just teach for the sake of teaching itself or for covering material and this, therefore, helps students apply what they have learned in their everyday life and future problems in a positive way.

Conclusion:

Multiple Intelligences theory revolutionized education and changed the way the world perceived intelligence. Before, intelligence was looked at in a very limited way and was considered as a single entity. After the theory, intelligence was looked at as being multiple and, as a result, an IQ test which focuses only on one aspect of intelligence cannot and should not be the measure of an individual’s success. Everyone has something special about them; either they are linguistically strong or mathematically or spatially or kinesthetically or musically or naturalistically or interpersonally or intrapersonally. The most important thing is that they be given sufficient opportunities to employ their area of intelligence in the best ways possible.

It is true that Multiple Intelligences theory is not accepted by all and there have been numerous critics of it; still, no one can deny the impact that it has had not only on educators and their classroom practices but also on parents and the way they look at, and deal with, their children. Thankfully to Howard Gardner and his Multiple Intelligences Theory, children are no longer thought of as being either smart or dumb; rather, they are thought of as being strong in something and weaker in other things.

The greatest lesson to walk away with, therefore, from this theory is that since intelligence, like any other ability, is difficult to change (Weibell, 2011), then we should not assume that a child will be able to do or think or feel or believe in the way we expect them to; rather, adults should teach children according to what they are capable of and can actually do, think, feel, and believe.

Rubric for Assignment 3: Literature Review (10%)

The following piece of info should appear on the cover page:

Title of your topic?

Your name?

Your ID#

Comm 1312: Writing and Research , Section #

Dr. Deniz Palak

Assignment 3: Literature Review

How does racial discrimination affect seven years old children

Annotated Bibliography

Writing and Research COMM- 1312

SEC. 201

Assignment# 2:

NAME: Nada Saeed Alghamdi

ID# 201800838

Dr. Adele Mavusu.

DATE: June 29^th, 2020.

How does racial discrimination affect seven years old children

Annotated bibliography

1. Goldsmith, Arthur & Hamilton, Darrick & Darity, William. (2006). Shades of Discrimination: Skin Tone and Wages.

What are the issues about discrimination of skin, tone, and wages? The purpose of this article is to present issues about discrimination of skin, tone, and wages. Moreover, the method and data for this research are collected survey of approximately 9,000 households in the cities of Los Angeles, Atlanta, Boston, and De-troit beginning in 1992. MCSUI respondents included whites, blacks, and Asians. MCSUI interviewers classified respondents on their skin shade in three categories: dark, me-dium, and light. the analysis was limited to men from 21 to 65 years old who were working, but not self-employed, at the time of the interviews. The article is relevant to my research paper because it discusses the topic of discrimination.

2. Hersch,J (2006). SKIN TONE EFFECTS AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS: PERCEPTIONS AND REALITY. Harvard Law School

What Is the Skin Tone Effects among African Americans? The purpose of this article is to discuss about Skin Tone Effects among African Americans: Perceptions and Reality. data collection was from three sources, the National Survey of Black Americans, 1979 – 80 (NSBA),  the Detroit Area Study, 1995: Social Influence on Health: Stress, Racism, and Health Protective (DAS), and the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality 1992 – 94 (MCSUI).The NSBA is a national probability sample of 2,107 respondents drawn to be representative of black households in the U.S. this article is relevant to use for my research paper because it how color of skin can affect people.

3. Howell .M (2015). Interracial Discrimination: Do Hair Texture and Skin Tone Really Matter?

Is Colorism being the intra-racial system of inequality? The purpose of this article is to mentioned that Colorism is the intra-racial system of inequality based on skin color, hair texture, and facial features. Especially children in African American culture, colorism has rooted deeply origins that affect the lives of African Americans today. This article explained how colorism effects perceptions of personal attributes, work ability, personal characteristics, as well as hiring decisions of African American women 18 and older. This article is relevant to my research paper, it touches on the discrimination issue. Data collection from a study that was consisted of 188 African American women who identified as African American/Black. they were over 18 years of age. they live in the US. All participants completed a demographic sheet and three instruments such as Occupational Work Ethic Inventory, Personal Attributes Questionnaire, as well as Personal Efficacy Beliefs Scale.

4. Banks, Taunya. (2000). Colorism: A Darker Shade of Pale. All Faculty Publications. 47.

Does discrimination based on colorism against dark-skinned create such a form of race-based discrimination? This research paper is about colorism, the author argues that discrimination based on colorism against dark-skinned create such a form of race-based discrimination.  all blacks without regard to skin tone and phenotype are impacted by skin tone discrimination.  Moreover, the professor author of this article uses employment discrimination cases in order to illustrate some courts’ willingness to acknowledge forms of race-based discrimination such as skin tone discrimination. This article is relevant to my research paper.

5. Mswela, Maureen & Labuschaigne, Melodie. (2013). Colour discrimination against persons with albinism in South Africa. South African Journal of Bioethics and Law.

What are the issues related to discrimination against persons against the color discrimination? The purpose of this article is to present issues which is related to discrimination against persons against the color discrimination. the article also explains calls for ‘colorism’ to be recognized as a distinct form of discrimination.  Data collection was based on several references. This article is relevant to my topic because it talks about the discrimination based on color.

6. Krieger, Nancy & Sidney, Stephen & Coakley, Eugenie. (1998). Racial Discrimination and Skin Color in the CARDIA Study: Implications for Public Health Research. American journal of public health.

whether skin color and ways of handling anger can be as markers for experiences of racial discrimination? The purpose of this article is discussing Racial Discrimination and Skin Color in the CARDIA Study. It also assesses whether skin color and ways of handling anger can be as markers for experiences of racial discrimination as well as responses to unfair treatment in public health research. Method and data collection was about a survey on 1844 Black women and Black men (24 to 42 years old), collected in the year 7 (1992-1993) and year 5 (1990-1991) and examinations of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, were examined. This article is relevant to m research topic.

7. A (2017). How parents can raise and teach their kids to be anti-racist, according to educators and activists.

How violence against black people in America is a problem? This article discuses Racism as well as violence against black people in America for years and how it is a big problem. They mentioned that parents should look for resources to help raise and teach their kids to be anti-racist, they might not know where to start. The data is from several references. This article would help me a lot in my research paper.

8. American psychological association (2014). Talking to kids about discrimination.

How to talk to children about discrimination? The purpose of this article is to discuss discrimination which can be hard for adults, and talking to kids about the subject can be especially daunting. people can be oppressed for any number of reasons, including age, sex, weight, religion, pay level, incapacity, sexual direction, and race or ethnicity. As indicated by the 2015 APA Stress in America Survey, most Americans feel they have encountered segregation. Be that as it may, encounters of everyday separation are well on the way to be accounted for by racial and ethnic minorities. This article is relevant to my research paper.

9. d. Warren(2018). Children as young as seven suffer effects of discrimination, study shows.

What is the age when children realize and be affected by discrimination?  This article shows that UC riverside study finds children are more sensitive as well as suffer the impacts of discrimination as young as 7 years old. The data collection from previous studies have shown children can identify racism at age 7. On the other hand, the study from Tuppett Yates is the first to study the effects on children under 10 years old. This article is relevant to my research paper topic, and I will find useful information from it.

10. American psychological association (2014). Discrimination: What it is, and how to cope.

How to deal with discrimination? The purpose of this article is to define what is discrimination, and how it effects on the Stress and health. Moreover, it discusses how to cope with the issue of discrimination. It mentioned that to deal with discrimination, people should focus on their strengths, seek supporting systems, get involved, and thinking clearly. Data collection is from credible resources. It is relevant to my research topic.