Description
Discuss 2 ethical theories, such as virtue theory, deontology, or consequentialism. Identify and discuss 2 qualities of each theory that are important to health care professionals. Apply ethical principles to situations which challenge one’s own principles.
Sabrina Johnson
HSS261
Unit 1: Foundations of Ethics
July 15, 2020
Defining Ethics and Ethical Theory
For many, the concepts of ethics and morality are synonymous. Webster’s Dictionary defines ethics as “the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation” (Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 2003). However, morality is defined by Webster as “conformity to ideals of right human conduct” (Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 2003). Although there is an intrinsic link between the concepts, they are not the same. Morality is concerned with the human conditions that are determinant factors in individual decisions of right and wrong while ethical theory focuses on the reasoning and explanation behind a moral point of view and/or system or procedure.
Virtue Ethics
Virtue ethics, attributed to Aristotle, focuses on the individual and characteristics like honesty, friendliness, charity, and fairness. Aristotle believed that there are nine virtues and the goal of each was to achieve the golden mean—a state of being that lies exactly in the middle of two vices. Aristotle was among the thought leaders on the concept of virtue ethics. This approach to ethics suggests that the moral fiber of an individual is most critical in determining ethical behavior and less so the external guiding principles. It was believed that an individual with strong ethical standards would follow an appropriate course of action and reach a decision with the external guidelines being secondary to any action. Aristotle and Plato believed that the focus should thus be placed on fostering positive characteristics in each individual because those with appropriate virtues would be more likely to make ethical decisions (McAdams et al., 2007). It was also believed that development of the right virtues would result in “the good life,” a fulfilling life. A fundamental aspect of the virtue ethics approach is that virtues can be taught.
Deontology
The deontology approach to ethics is focused on the actions taken and less so on the consequences. Immanuel Kant, a major contributor to the deontology perspective, believed that an ethical person makes the “right” decision without concern for the consequences out of a sense of duty. The right decision is based on guiding societal principles (McAdams et al., 2007). As an example, an individual would not steal because the act is not acceptable according to societal standards while the potential outcome of being caught should not serve as a basis for inaction.
Philosopher David Hume added to deontology thoughts with the suggestion that an individual’s act is based on an emotional response to a situation. Emotions lead to an exploration of moral values as well as reasoning relative to the situation. Courses of activity and the end result may be considered, but it is ultimately the individual’s perspective on what is right or wrong that results in a particular action (Hauser, 2006). These thoughts then suggest that an individual possesses ethical standards and is capable of using reasoning to justify an action.
References:
McAdams, T., Neslund, N., & Neslund, K. (2007). Law, business, and society (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.