Microbiology Assignment | Essay Help Services

Week 2 Microbiology

Please response to the following 2 posts. 100-150 required

1^st post: The response must move the science discussion of the microbe forward.

This week I decided to talk about Rubulavirus (mumps). Rubulavirus (mumps) is an airborne virus meaning that it is transmitted through coughing or sneezing. Mumps is a virus that comes from the paramyxovirus family in which is a single stranded RNA. (CDC,2019) Rubalavirus (mumps) is a very contagious viral illness that affects the salivary glands making them swollen or tender. Common symptoms include fever, headache and swelling of the face where the parotid glands are (salivary glands). (CDC,2019) When this virus enters the parotid glands it starts to reproduce and that makes the face swell up. Rubalavirus (mumps) affects more children than adults. This virus can get very complicated if it enters the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) because it can spread to other parts of the body like the brain, pancreas, testicles (in males) or ovaries (in females).(CDC,2019)  In order to confirm if a person is positive to this virus the doctor will order a culture, the way this test is performed is by collecting specimen, they will be swabbing your salivary glands and sending it to the lab. It is important to have control measures to prevent the spread. Fortunately we end up with a vaccine which is called MMR standing for mumps, measles and rubella there is not mumps alone vaccine.(CDC,2019) This vaccine is giving twice in a lifetime, first dose is giving at the age of 12- 15 months and the second dose at the age 4-6 in some cases its only required one dose.(Davison et at.,2020) It is known that when a person starts to feel the symptoms they already had the virus for at least 2 days and the person infected can last 7-21 days with this virus. There is no treatment for this virus, but it can be managed with analgesic medications cold or warm compresses on the area that is swollen. (Davison et at.,2020)

Reference:

CDC. Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Atlanta: CDC;2019

2^nd post: The response must move the science discussion of the microbe forward.

Salmonella is a bacterium that is commonly associated with food bourne illnesses. It is found in every country in the world. Salmonella is rod shaped, gram negative bacteria. It can live in environments with and without oxygen. This makes it a strong zoonotic vector.   Salmonella Enteritidis is a strain of Salmonella which is known for infecting the eggs of chickens, as well as beef and milk products from infected cows.

In one year, two-hundred and fifty-five people were infected from contaminated beef and cheeses from the United States and Mexico. This particular strain of salmonella was resistant to many antibiotics commonly used to treat food-bourne illness.  People were warned to make sure that beef was cooked to an internal temperature of at least 160 degrees and that soft cheeses made with unpasteurized milk should be avoided (Hunt, K 2019).

Sixty people were hospitalized due to this infection, and two people lost their lives. Most people infected by salmonella get symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain. The symptoms usually start ½ to 3 days after ingestion of the contaminated food product (Hunt, K 2019).

Recently in the United Kingdom, there has been an outbreak of Salmonella in eggs (Whitworth, J 2020).  Thirty-eight people have been infected as of July 9, 2020 and two people have been hospitalized. The infected eggs were traced to a single farm.  The eggs from this farm are now being sent to the Netherlands for the eggs to be pasteurized. The chicken on this farm will be culled or sent to the slaughterhouse. Once the chickens are gone, the farm will have to be completely sanitized and negative samples will have to be collected before they can get more chickens.

Salmonella Enteritidis infects the ovaries in a chicken, and therefore can infect the egg as its developing, before the shell is completely formed (Soliman, E 2009). The hens infected with Salmonella do not typically show any signs of illness. There was a study done that showed, heat played a big part in the infection rate of Salmonella enteritidis. The chickens who were placed under stress from heat exposure were increasingly susceptible to infection (Soliman, E 2009).  Vaccination is available for the hens, but it is not always effective. The best thing we can do right now is make sure the egg laying hens are well taken care of and live in an appropriate, sanitary environment. Eggs from each batch should also go through testing to rule out possible infection.

Reference:

Hunt, K (2019) CDC sounds alarm over deadly drug-resistant salmonella, CNN Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/22/health/drug-resistant-salmonella-cdc-warning/index.html on 7/14/2020

Whitworth, J (2020) Salmonella outbreak linked to British eggs, Food Safety News Retrieved from https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2020/07/salmonella-outbreak-linked-to-british-eggs/#more-195575 on 7/14/2020

E.S. Soliman et al. (2009) Stressors Influence on Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Colonization in Broilers. American Journal of Veterinary Sciences 4 (3): 42-48.