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Assignment 3: Short Answers B (15%): For Assignment 3, you will answer the following 15 questions using brief sentences or point form (1 mark each). A maximum of 50 – 100 words per question. These questions cover Chapters 6 through 10 of your textbook and are also provided as an editable document [link to document] for you to complete. You can work on this assignment as you go through the units and submit it after Unit 11. 1. Briefly explain the three major points regarding psychologist Carol Gilligan’s moral development for girls. 2. Briefly explain three strategies for coping with stress. 3. Briefly describe the three types of memory. 4. Briefly explain why “midlife crisis” is a myth. 5. Briefly describe three promising avenues to increase the human lifespan. 6. Briefly describe the main issues surrounding the marriage age difference and partner choice. 7. Briefly explain the changes in marital satisfaction over time. 8. Briefly explain how the use of computers and the Internet is changing education. 9. Briefly provide information regarding the success and adjustment of the children of immigrant families. 10. Briefly describe criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning. 11. Briefly explain how an adolescent’s thinking is different from that of younger children. 12. Briefly explain Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence. 13. Briefly describe current research findings with regard to lesbian and gay relationships. 14. Briefly describe some of the aspects of the gender gap in life expectancy. 15. Briefly explain the distinction between intelligence and wisdom.

Assignment 1:

Short answers – a

Question 1

An individual’s lifespan is divided into seven key stages. The first one is the prenatal stage, which occurs after conception to birth. Infancy is the stage that manifests itself after birth to the age of two years (Halter et al. 2018). The early childhood stage comes immediately after infancy and goes up to six years. From six years, mid-childhood comes, and it persists to the age of twelve years. Adolescence takes place from twelve years to twenty years. Young adulthood begins at 20 years to 40 years. From the range of 40 to 65 years, one undergoes a stage of middle adulthood. Lastly is late adulthood from the age of 65 to death.

Question 2

In the quest for personality, a development researcher only focuses on the characteristics of an individual. It is the characters that are person carries that informs their personality (Anderson, 2020). Hence, a developmentalist will look at one’s anger or happiness. When it comes to a social developmentalist, they are called to restrict themselves to examining factors defining a society such as gender discrimination and ethnic marginalization for the people in a particular society. Gender discrimination and racism in society can lead to people failing to develop. These are important factors of analysis for social developmentalist.

Question 3

The race is the biological appearance of an individual. On the other hand, ethnicity has to do with the religion, culture, and language of a person (Halter et al. 2018). The two concepts are, in most cases, considered a synonym of each other. However, one’s race is biologically determined and has a combination of a person’s physical and structure. In a particular race, people are characterized by shared biological features. An individual’s ethnicity is marked by one being ascribed to a particular culture, religion, and language. These features will tell from which ethnic group one belongs.

Question 4

Freud’s theory has been questioned because he demands that the unconscious forces are key to informing the behaviour of an individual (Anderson, 2020). Usually, in an unconscious state, one does not react to stimuli, so this is a state of inactivity. These forces cannot have any impact on a person’s behaviour. Thus, the theory is taken to task to answer how a force that one is not aware of can have an impact on determining one’s behaviour.

Question 5

During conception, male sperm and female ovum are involved in fertilization. After fertilization has taken place, a zygote is formed, which carries the genes of the female and the male (Halter et al. 2018). A female’s ovum carries with them X chromosomes, and male sperm have X and Y chromosomes. When fertilization occurs, if the male’s X chromosomes fuse with the ovum, then the sex of the fetus will be female. On the other hand, when Y chromosomes fuse with the ovum, then the fetus will be a male. Male sex chromosomes are the determinant of fetus sex.

Question 6

A child born by a mother who is experiencing mutations can be given birth having complications. Since a gene can be deleted from parent genes combination, one can give birth to a baby who is not normal or even die (Anderson, 2020). Again, when a mother has a gene mutation, the fetus can contract cancer. Cancer will come as a result of a lack of genes controlling a cell, and it thus divides. This happens because the child will have disorders, and a fetus will be born without some genes that are necessary for life.

Question 7

Preterm deliveries, together with low weight deliveries, are caused by some factors associated with the mother’s health. These include a mother who had not healed from her last delivery (Halter et al. 2018). In this case, a mother catches pregnancy after six months of her previous delivery. Again, when a mother lacks economic support during pregnancy, she may develop stress, which will lead to preterm delivery and underweight baby. Nutrition is another factor in which, if a mother lacks a balanced diet, they will give birth to underweight new-borns.

Question 8

The first stage, according to Piaget, is sensorimotor occurring from birth up to two years. A baby comes into grasp with the world via sense organs (Anderson, 2020). One starts touching and listening. An infant now knows that an object exists even with their absence. From the age of two years to seven years, children go through the preoperational stage. They can speak, draw pictures, and draw things and engage in pretend games. Age seven to eleven, a child develops robust operation in mind and conserves things. The last stage is operating formally, where one provides solutions to phenomena.

Question 9

Obesity in childhood is linked to a mother’s malnutrition when the child was a fetus (Halter et al. 2018). When the mother was later exposed to a more advanced condition in which she has access to a balanced diet, the child will readjust to a normal. However, if the advancement of diet is too high, the child will develop obesity. In other words, obesity is rooted in the overcompensation of malnutrition by a mother.

Question 10

Usually, pre-schoolers have the world as per how others are viewing at it. Therefore, if they see another person who has crossed a road, they will take it as normal without considering the person’s precaution while crossing (Anderson, 2020). This will result in a preschool child crossing the road without looking at the approaching vehicles. Secondly, pre-schoolers have the creation of imaginary things that do not exist in a place. Hence, a child can have in mind that there is a zebra crossing when there is no one and proceed to cross the other side of the road.

Question 11

Putting information into a communicative form is the same as keying data into a computer. To enter data into a computer, one has to key it through keyboard just the same way one gets information to be stored (Halter et al. 2018). When you store information in the information processing approach, it is the same as storing data on a computer hard disk. The same way one chooses what to store in their memory is the same as how they will choose what to store on a computer. One can access information stored on a computer when they want as they can in their memory.

Question 12

In the event when a mother gives birth to a child in a poor background, the child will not develop appropriately. This comes from the fact that; the child will not receive the nutrition needed by their growing body (Anderson, 2020). The child will be underweighted since they lack the necessary nutrients for weight gain. The child may fail to undergo cognitive development because their brains are affected by hunger; hence, they cannot engage their brains in thinking.  A child brought up in a poverty-environment, may lack parental attention as the mother engages in labor; thus, the child will see social distance themselves.

Question 13

Vygotsky’s theory is criticized because he concentrates on crediting culture in shaping the development of a child. He, therefore, forgets to consider how important are other factors such as biological in influencing the life development of a child (Halter et al. 2018). A child can adopt the behavior which they inherited from their parents and not only the culture. Again, the theory failed to acknowledge that the child can influence the culture in which they live. This suggests that children can inform how people behave, and thus people act the way they want; hence the children will not copy from the culture.

Question 14

Early stages of education entail different types. It ranges from a stage when the child is taught about responsibility and discipline. Children get prepared to advance to the next stage of early adulthood (Anderson, 2020). A child is engaged in activities such as washing dishes, cooking, and looking after cattle. This helps in preparing the child to have an insight into their role in society. Again, a child is taught about society’s morals about what society expects them to do. Many of the lessons are learned by copying adults.

Question 15

Diana identified four different parent styles for bringing up a child. Uninvolved is one of them whereby parents don’t demand anything from the child, and they are responsible (Halter et al. 2018). Children raised using this style become violators of rules in the future. Permissive style entails a parent who is less demanding, not strict, and providing more. Thirdly, the authoritative parenting style is characterized by parents who are both demanding and responsible. It results in competent individuals and has been credited to be the best. Lastly, in an authoritarian style, a parent is strict, demanding, and less responsible and results in a lack of self-esteem in children.

Comments:

Hi Tajjot:

Welcome to SOCW 3551.

Feedback Assignment 1:

Questions 1, 2, 5, 7, 13 and 15 were well addressed.

Please review my comments on the following questions:

3 – the two concepts are not synonymous. Race is a biological concept referring to concepts based on physical and structural characteristics of an individual. Ethnic group includes nationality

4 the answer here is: lack of validation by subsequent research; based on a limited population of upper middle class Austrians; focuses primarily on male development; criticized as being sexist and may be seen as devaluing women

6 – answer here is : wear and tear; mitosis/meiosis and spontaneous mutation.

8 – you missed the third stage – concrete operational

9 – reference some of the specific research discussed in your text.

10 – the answer here is: high level of physical activity;  curiosity and lack of judgment.

11 – need to reference Encoding = computer keyboard; Storage = computer Hard drive and Retrieval = computer soft ware. Note that all 3 processes must be operating in order for information  to be processed.

12 – note that children from families living in poverty are likely to be shorter.

14 – the answer here is: child care centers; family child care centers and pre-schools.

Wayne

Reference

Anderson, K. (2020). On Seasons of an Indigenous Feminism, Kinship, and the Program of Home             Management. Hypatia, 35(1), 204-213.

Halter, M. J., Pollard, C. L., & Jakubec, S. L. (2018). Varcarolis’s Canadian Psychiatric Mental             Health Nursing, Canadian Edition-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.