Stress Management Assignment | Custom Essay Services
I have given you extensive comments in your previous submissions, but I don’t see any improvement in this one. As an example, your background never explains what your main idea is! You start discussing one concept, leave it without giving it a proper conclusion, and then start another discussion.
This has been happening since forever. You have never explained what is “each an every of your variables and justify it” Your sources are somewhat outdated hence will cause you from getting wrong information.
Your problem statement still has the same problem. You dont discuss any of the concepts in the background that you discuss in the problem statement. It is not supported by evidence/sources. It is just all over the places and does not focus on anything specific.
It does not clearly tell what and why you want to do what you are doing.
You keep on jumping from one to another idea repeatedly without any logical connection.
Your contributions are still vogue. Give proper explanation why you chose Nigeria, digital firm etc.
You sincerely need justification. You have not justified any of your discussion again.
Your Research Question and Research Objectives are again with the same mistakes and not clear, vague, double-sided. I suggest you should revise the conceptual framework. The current framework is not driven by theoretical stances. And get your variables accurately be reading more articles.
In general, you demonstrated the commitment needed in preparing this proposal. However, there are many areas you have to improve before the submission to a more rigorous proposal defense examination. I applause your efforts in discussing the independent and dependent factors for investigation. But, the big flop is the lack of focus and originality. Another major drawback is the weak linkage to theoretical foundation in this study. You did not link your presented theories i.e. social exchange theory and resource-based view to the conceptual framework. A big issue that need to be resolved as the underpinning theoretical is essential to support your conceptual framework. The literature review is lacking in demonstrating an adequate understanding of the relevant literature in this field and did not argue with sufficient appropriate range of literature sources. Hence, arguments did not built on an appropriate base of theory, concepts or ideas. For methodology, many required components were not discussed and planned properly. For instance, Why judgment sampling? How will you reach the Nigerian firms? Why 600? All the choices need to be justified. Hence, the entire methodology section is the worst part of this proposal.
I suggest you to revise and re-work on this proposal thoroughly. If you have any questions, I am more than happy to meet you and we can discuss ways for improvement.
One more thing, I suggest you should revise the conceptual framework. The current framework is not driven by theoretical stances.
Single subject design research
Stress Management
Introduction
I am using this project to address Stress, so that I can improve my Behavioral health, and overall physical health. The World Health Organization Global Burden of Disease Survey estimates that stress-related disorders are to become the second leading cause of disabilities by the end of the year 2020. Stress is known to relate to emotional and health problems which leads to approximately 15% of doctors’ patients visits, and approximately 33% of Americans suffer from insomnia when experiencing high stress levels, WHO (2017). The American Institute of Stress recent data shows that 75% to 90% of all doctor’s visits are stress-related, (Jan 4, 2017). Property and Casualty Insurance Edition of Best’s Review estimates 1 in 4 American workers suffer mental health developing from stress.
Problem.
I experience stress almost daily as shown by the health reports. The symptomatology related to stress as reported, puts me into the group of people who are highly stressed. I have difficulty focusing, occasional unhappiness, missed from work, no motivation, and I do not get enough sleep. I go to school, and work at the same, all of which require focus and clear mentation. My job is a fast paced job which require critical thinking and decision making, focus, and the ability to multi-task. At this time, I think stress is affecting these capabilities. I want to find a way to minimize stress so that I can continue to be productive, and healthy. Different studies have been carried out to explore how stress leads to health problems, and the results suggest that stress can actually weaken immune system and render people susceptible to illnesses. Segerstrom SC, Miller GE (Jul, 2004) reported a meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry that proved Psychological stress can compromise the human immune system.
Research Question
The overarching question that this study needs to address is: Does consistency with exercise effect stress levels?
Sports medicine latest report states most people use exercise to cope with stress. Med 44, 81–121 (2014). To find out whether regular or scheduled exercise can impact the amount of stress in the body, a 20-week aerobic exercise training on a randomized, controlled trial on physiological stress responses during real-life stress was proven to reduce physiological stress and real life stress in sedentary students; the same group was supervised for cardiovascular In a 20 weeks supervised aerobic exercise, their heart rate, and oxygenation was monitored before and after the exercise, the results was that aerobic exercise improved their aerobic capacity (VO2max), Colcombe SJ, Erickson KI, (2003) Feb). The results of previous research, and literature support the use of exercise and training in order to improve both psychological and physical health. It was also found out that exercise training seems to be related to a reduction in the stress levels and anxiety levels.
Hypothesis.
I hypothesized that the more consistent I am with exercise, the less stress I will experience in my day to day life.
Goal: My goal is to reduce stress, and the objective is to exercise more; at least three exercise sessions per week for least 30 minutes duration at moderate intensities.
Independent variable, and dependent variables will be measured by the questionnaire created for this project.
Variables
IV = exercise
DV = stress
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS OF VARIABLES.
Dependent variable:
For the purposes of this study, operational definition for stress will be any situation wherein my sense of mental health, physical health, and overall well-being is threatened that overstretch my ability to cope, or adapt to social stimuli that causes pressure, and induces emotions, Sharon L Lewis, (2015)
The independent variable
For the purpose of this project, Exercise will be operationally defined as, a subset of planned, structured, and repetitive physical actions, aimed at improving or maintaining physical fitness, includes at least three exercise sessions per week at a moderate intensity, ACSM (2013).
Control variables.
Variables I consider as very potential confounds, and will be worth exploring included; self-rated health and health behaviors, (I.e. chronic illnesses), mental health variables (i.e., subjective well-being, depression, and anxiety), personality factors (self-esteem,), social support variables (i.e., social contact, and emotional support).
Foreseeable problems:
Specific events occurring that are often external to me (participant) and are largely accidental. I think the longer the time period between the measurement periods, the less control over my participation, and the greater is the likelihood that these factors may affect the my participation. I also foresee Maturation factors or the developmental process within me such as, fatigue, boredom, and lack of interest, just almost all biological or psychological processes that vary as a function of time may also affect the this process.
LITERATURE REVIEW STRESS
Stress is defined as a “situation where the organism‘s homeostasis is threatened or the organism perceives a situation as threatening; in general, an arousal that occurs when external demands of the environment exceed a person’s ability to react”, Buchanan, Bibas, & Adolphs, (2010). Stressful demands do not always result in negative outcomes, Buchanan, (2010). However, if the event is viewed as a challenge, the stressor has beneficial potential, Sharon L Lewis, (2010). Stress is categorized into positive and negative stressors. positive stressors are the eustress which is operationalized as positive stressor that increases motivation, and negative or distress, which are operationalized as stress that disturb body state, Bradley, M. M. & Lang ( 2001). I think this narratives broadens the definition of stress, and offers many meanings to different people. For instance, whatever is perceived by another person as a stressor may not be a stressor to the other person,
In the current stress research, the more prevailing theories are between the individuals and the environment whereby researchers depends on what the participants say. The Literature also introduces physiologic resonance, a unilateral approach to a research that views stress through the scientific lab results to reveal internal driven result that analyze stress holistically with no biasness. Physiological resonance stress is operationalized as activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) and sympatho-adrenomedullary (SAM) axes, Whereby salivary cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) are utilized as a biomarkers in an experiment to detect physiological resonance between individuals, Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K.(2007) In physiological resonance experiment, biological markers were extracted from salivary specimen to analyze stress. Salivary cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) was measured from speakers and observers before and after during a modified Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) to assess activation of the HPA and SAM axes respectively. The result was that cortisol responses resonated between speakers and observers, Kudielka, B. M, (2007). I think this observation inspires the extension of our attention, from social processes to biological processes, and limits the biases that exists in subjective reasoning, or findings.
There is no doubt that the major Causes, and manifestations of stress are connected to situations of uncontrollability, and unpredictability based on this finding. This experiment may answer some of my questions as to why sometimes I feel stressed in an environment that I consider safe, and welcoming. The point is since we might not know how threatened a person is or perceive the situation, we can actually catch stress from just observing other people’s physiological stress. The literature shows that there is association between Stress and health Outcomes; the more stress one experiences, there is the likelihood that they will develop some clinical condition. The also literature relates Stress to conditions like coronary heart disease, premature cardiovascular mortality, high occupational stress levels leads to higher risk of hypertension, overweight or obesity, and metabolic syndrome.
Control variables
Based on the literature review, I think that stress cannot be established alone without manipulating the shared symptomatology with other disorders, especially the emotional disorders including, anxiety disorders, and depression which are represented disproportionately in most population featured in the majority of the literature. .
Sports medicine latest report states most people use exercise to cope with stress. Med 44, 81–121 (2014). To find out whether regular or scheduled exercise can impact the amount of stress in the body, a 20-week aerobic exercise training on a randomized, controlled trial on physiological stress responses during real-life stress was proven to reduce physiological stress and real life stress in sedentary students; the same group was supervised for cardiovascular In a 20 weeks supervised aerobic exercise, their heart rate, and oxygenation was monitored before and after the exercise, the results was that aerobic exercise improved their aerobic capacity (VO2max), Colcombe SJ, Erickson KI, (2003) Feb). The results of previous research, and literature support the use of exercise and training in order to improve both psychological and physical health. It was also found out that exercise training seems to be related to a reduction in the stress levels and anxiety levels.
It is reported that 79% of U.S. adults do not meet exercise guidelines, and yearly deaths from none communicable diseases worldwide are projected to increase from 38 to 52 million between 2012, and 2030 (WHO 2014). The most comprehensively studied in the literature have been endurance exercises, also known as aerobic exercise by ACSM (2016). Majority of literature finds Exercise to be associated with increased health benefits, a finding that is evident in different groups from athletes, students, female and male, and elderly, and that exercise holds immediate benefits for effective cognition in younger and older adults, Hogan, C. L., Mata, J., & Carstensen, L. L. (2013). Exercise is also linked to Cognitive flexibility as observed in older sedentary non-dementia population in Aerobic Exercise or fitness effects. MRI on older adults were taken before exercise, and after exercise. The MRI analysis showed improved ability of multi-tasking, and memory, Verstynen, T. D., Lynch (2012). This finding resonates with what I am trying to resolve, which is focusing, and improved multi-tasking.
The effectiveness of exercise is evident in the scientific literature as one which positively affects physical health, and reduces stress along with the related manifestations, such as anxiety and depression symptoms, Forcier K., Stroud L. R., (2006), cognition and cardiovascular health Hogan, C. L., Mata. Much of the literature presents negative correlation between exercise, and mental health whereby those who exercise were less likely to experience symptoms of mental illness such as depression, and anxiety, Lindwall, & Jonsdottir, (2016). A positive correlation is shown of exercise on health and wellness in a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the effect of aerobic exercise, most results shows that that individuals who exercise showed lower incidences of coronary events and improved cardiovascular disease, Paul D. Thompson (27 Apr 2007). The correlation between exercise and mental health is evident through a meta-analysis of randomized trials with control group and experimental group, which was conducted to examine the effect of physical activity or exercise on depression. The results showed a negative correlation that those who exercise were likely to experience less depression, Rethorst CD, & Wipfli BM, (2009) and anxiety, Segerstrom SC, Miller GE. (2004). in another a randomized trial on older adults to examined the effectiveness of physical activity on cognitive function. Results showed positive correlation between exercise and cognitive functioning in older adults who are more at risk for Alzheimer; those who were involved in exercise, improved their cognitive functioning, Lautenschlager, N. T et al. (2008).
The relationship between exercise, and daily health as presented in the literature review provides enormous amounts of evidence pertaining to the usefulness of exercise in prevention of stress and health problems. The majority of studies identified by the literature review supported the hypothesis that exercise has an impact on stress, whether negative or positive, they also provide evidence that psychological and physical stress predicts health outcomes.
Limitation
The significant limitation on most literature on both variables are With Self report. Even though honesty is encouraged, these types of reports may bring about bias. Another limitation is the lack of inclusivity, the results may have been varied if all demographics were presented. individuals with physical disabilities who cannot have access to coping strategy like exercise, could develop stress at the same time; minority groups who are impacted by socio-economic status could experiencing stress and lack of knowledge about copy strategy, and gay community who are disenfranchised because of their life styles and gender orientation.
METHOD.
Tool:
The tool used for the study is a subjective personal wellbeing inventory tool, whereby the questions listed for data collection are in ordinal form, and consists of 4 areas of behaviors in life; emotional, depression, self-esteem, and anxiety. Responses ranked from (not at all, some of the time, most of the time, all of the time). Focus is one of my biggest problem and so I added it to the tool that ask, how focused I felt in class this week. Focus this week will be measured on a 5-point scale; from not focused at all, focused some of the time, and focused most of the time, focused all the time. (2) The second question was regarding the feeling of stress, the stress part of the question will be rated on a scale of 0 – 5 scale; 0 being no stress, and 5 being very stress. (3) The drive to and from the gym may be challenging so I added logistic question which was rated on how satisfied I will be with my transportation to the gym; responses ranked from, satisfied to very satisfied.
I will randomly choose a 30 minutes period of time to record my behavior in my home every day for three weeks collecting data without changing my actions. All data collected in this research will be stored in a flash drive, and locked in a safe in my basement. However, there is a foreseeable logistic problem that could arise in accessing the document leaving me liable to delays, and that would be resulting from lost or misplaced documents storage (flash drive).
Intervention.
Setting an alarm on my phone that will remind me to go to the gym three times a week. American College of Sports Medicine recommends that any exercise intervention to include at least three exercise sessions per week of at least 15 minutes or more with a duration at moderate intensities for it such intervention to be effective. ACSM (2015).
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