Harvard Referencing
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Books & e-Books
Material Type
In-text example
Reference List Examples
Direct Quote
Book: Single Author
Indirect Quote
‘I have enclosed a lake in lips, lapped it with crystal tongues’ (Hasler 2018, p. 39).
OR
In her prose, Emily Hasler talks about enclosing a lake in lips (2018, p.39).
Paraphrasing often uses page numbers to locate the source.
Hasler, E 2018, The built environment, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool.
Book: 2 or 3 Authors
According to Puccio, Cabra and Schwagler (2018)
OR
… this is evident (Puccio, Cabra & Schwagler 2018)
Puccio, GJ, Cabra, JF & Schwagler, N 2018, Organizational creativity: a practical guide for innovators & entrepreneurs, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Book: More Than 3 Authors
Crauder et al. (2018) have found…
OR
Mathematical tools are important (Crauder et al. 2018)
Show only the name of the first author or body, followed by et al.
Crauder, B, Evans, B, Johnson, J & Noell, A 2018, Quantitative literacy: thinking between the lines, W.H. Freeman, New York, NY.
Provide the names of all authors in the reference list.
Book: No Author
According to the Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002, p. 197)…
When there is no author, the title is used as the first element in the reference (Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, p. 197).
Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, AGPS, Canberra, ACT.
If no author or editor, the title is used as the first element of the reference. Edition number is placed after the title (not necessary for first edition).
Book: Editor
(ed. Smith 2018)
OR
edited by Smith (2018)
Smith, KL (ed.) 2018, Sociology of globalization: cultures, economies, and politics, Routledge, Boulder, CO.
When more than one editor, use (eds.).
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Material Type
In-text example
Reference List Examples
Chapter or part of a Book to which a number of authors have contributed
Wang (2018, p. 137) states that ‘Special economic zones were the earliest to be established in China’.
OR
‘Special economic zones were the earliest to be established in China’ (Wang 2018, p. 137).
In the in-text reference, name the author of the chapter.
Wang, S 2018, ‘From special economic zones to special technological zones’, in C Hsieh & M Lu (eds), Changing China: a geographic appraisal, Taylor & Francis, Boulder, CO, pp.137-155.
Book: Translator & Author
(Jablonka 2018)
Jablonka, I 2018, History is a contemporary literature: manifesto for the social sciences, trans. N Bracher, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
Book: Organisation as Author
(Britannica Educational Publishing 2018)
Abbreviations can be used for long organisational names but be consistent.
Britannica Educational Publishing 2018, Statistics and probability, Britannica Educational Publishing, Chicago, IL.
E-book: From a Library database
(Bowie et al. 2018)
OR
Bowie et al. (2018) regards…
Bowie, D, Buttle, F, Brookes, M & Mariussen, A 2016, Hospitality marketing, Routledge, London.
E-books retrieved from a Library database are referenced in the same way as print books.
E-book: From a Website
(Fetter 1904)
OR
Fetter (1904) stated…
Fetter, FA 1904, The principles of economics: with applications to practical problems, Century, viewed 21 January 2019, <https://www.gutenberg.org/files/40077/40077-h/40077-h.htm>.
For e-books retrieved from a website, replace the place of publication with a ‘viewed’ date and the URL.
Book on eReader
‘I decided to openly fight the machine, the manufacturers of myth…’ (McGowan 2018, Author’s note, Loc 236)
For direct quotations of online material without pagination, name the major sections, chapter section, and paragraph number.
McGowan, R 2018, Brave, eReader version, accessed 18 May 2018 from Amazon.com.
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Material Type
In-text example
Reference List Examples
Brochure, pamphlet, or exhibition catalogue
‘Our services are culturally appropriate and delivered by caring and experienced multilingual workers’ (Australian Multicultural Community Services 2018, Home care packages and private care section).
Note: If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a section heading.
Co-created with members of staff of the hospital these works offer personal insights and perspectives about life and death (Bell 2017).
Brochure or Pamphlet
Australian Multicultural Community Services 2018, Multicultural home care & other support services, brochure, Australian Multicultural Community Services, Maidstone, VIC.
Exhibition Catalogue
Bell, C 2017, We die as we live, exhibition catalogue, 1 November – 30 November, St Vincent’s Private Hospital Foyer, East Melbourne, VIC.
Note: The inclusion of the format ‘brochure’, ‘pamphlet’ or ‘exhibition catalogue’ following directly after the title.
Multiple works same author
Perceptions of an event have more impact than the event itself, so accurate perceptions are key (Fujishin 2016, 2018).
OR
Fujishin (2016, 2018) tells us gesture is critical to creating genuine interpersonal connections.
Fujishin, R 2016, Natural bridges: a guide to interpersonal communication, Routledge, Abbingdon, England.
Fujishin, R 2018, The natural speaker, 9th edn, Routledge, New York.
Note: Order multiple works by the same authors by year of publication, earliest first.
Multiple works same author, same year
The illustrations in Branford & Coutts (2015a, 2015b) highlight how line drawings add to the textual message …
Branford, A & Coutts, L 2015a, The precious ring, Walker Books Australia, Newtown, NSW.
Branford, A & Coutts, L 2015b, The wishing seed, Walker Books Australia, Newtown, NSW.
Secondary Sources: When you are referring to the ideas or words of an author who has been referenced in the book you are referencing
‘…new forms of oversight and ethical review were integrated into growing bureaucracies of big bioscience’ (Stark cited in Hurlbut 2017, p.3).
Provide names of both authors.
Hurlbut, JB 2017, Experiments in democracy: human embryo research and the politics of bioethics, Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
Provide the reference for the book that you actually read.
Classical Works
‘Remain in me, and I will remain in you. No branch can bear fruit by itself’ (John 15:4, New International Version).
William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, act 3, scene 2, line 74 illustrates the involvement of family …
If you are quoting a verse or extract, you do not need to provide a reference entry.
If you are referring to a particular edition for a significant reason, reference in the same way as a print book.
You do not need to provide a Reference List entry.
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Journal Articles
Material Type
In-Text Example
Reference List Examples
Direct quote
Journal Article: Print or Online
Indirect quote
According to Gray (2018, p. 175), there is ‘significant gender and age differences related to how young people use SNS’.
OR
Gray (2018) suggests that young people’s perception of Social Networking is related to their association with their offline lives.
Gray, L 2018, ‘Exploring how and why young people use social networking sites’, Educational Psychology in Practice, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 175-194.
An article obtained from a Database, from E-reserve or from VU Collaborate is referenced in the same way as a print article.
Journal Article with two authors
(Blocker & Wahl-Alexander 2018)
OR
Blocker and Wahl-Alexander (2018) have found…
Blocker, D & Wahl-Alexander, Z 2018, ‘Using sport education in a university physical activity course’, JOPERD: The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 56-61.
Journal Article with three authors
(Wilmott, Fraser & Lammes 2018)
OR
Wilmott, Fraser and Lammes (2018) noted that…
Wilmott, C, Fraser, E & Lammes, S 2018, ‘I am he. I am he. Siri rules: work and play with the Apple Watch’, European Journal of Cultural Studies, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 78-95.
Journal Article with more than three authors
(Battisti et al. 2018)
OR
Battisti et al. (2018) compared the …
Show only the name of the first author or body, followed by et al.
Battisti, C, Fanelli, G, Bertolino, S, Luiselli, L, Amori, G & Gippoliti, S 2018, ‘Non-native invasive species as paradoxical ecosystem services in urban conservation education’, Web Ecology, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 37-40.
Provide the names of all authors in the reference list.
Journal Article from a website
(Celume, Besançon & Zenasni 2019, Introduction section)
OR
Celume, Besançon and Zenasni (2019) suggest…
If no page number is available, include the location of a quote using a paragraph number or section heading (for e.g. ‘Introduction section’, as above). The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
Celume M-P, Besançon M & Zenasni F 2019, ‘Fostering children and adolescents’ creative thinking in education: theoretical model of drama pedagogy training’, Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 9, viewed 11 February 2019, <https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02611>.
For journal articles retrieved from a website (other than Library databases), include a viewed date and URL.
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Newspaper Articles
Material Type
In-text Example
Reference List example
Newspaper: Print
(Schultz & Butt 2018)
Schultz, A & Butt, C 2018, ‘The life cycle of Melburnians: how we age and move’, The Age, 7 April, p. 10.
Article obtained from a Database, from E-reserve or from VU Collaborate is referenced in the same way as a print article.
Newspaper: From a Website
(Smee 2018)
Smee, B 2018, ‘Deep in cattle country, graziers go against the flow to help the Great Barrier Reef’, The Guardian, 20 May, viewed 21 May 2018, <https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/21/deep-in-cattle-country-graziers-go-against-the-flow-to-help-the-great-barrier-reef>.
Newspaper article: without author
(The Age 24 January 2018, p. 12) OR …in The Age (24 January 2018, p. 12)
For newspaper articles where no author is indicated, provide details of the source in the in-text reference.
No entry in the reference list is required.
Newspaper article: from a separately paginated section
(Sprague 2018)
Sprague, J 2018, ‘Make it count’, The Australian Financial Review, 27 April, The Australian Financial Review Magazine, p. 28. The title of the separately paginated section of the newspaper is indicated before the page number (separated by a comma).
Media Release
(Hutchins 2018)
Hutchins, N 2018, Calling all outstanding Aboriginal Victorians, media release, Premier of Victoria, viewed 21 May 2018, <https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/calling-all-outstanding-aboriginal-victorians/>.
Internet / Websites
Material Type
In-text example
Reference List example
Website
Indirect quote
Cancer might be caused by smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary and other factors, but is not due to stress (Cancer Council 2017)
Cancer Council 2017, Causes of cancer, Cancer Council, viewed 21 May 2018, <https://www.cancer.org.au/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/>.
Webpage: No Author
(The Guardian view on Jeremy Corbyn and Ireland 2018)
Only use the first few words of a page title if it is too long.
The Guardian view on Jeremy Corbyn and Ireland: all about the border 2018, The Guardian, viewed 24 May 2018, <https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/may/24/the-guardian-view-on-jeremy-corbyn-and-ireland-all-about-the-border>.
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Material Type
In-text example
Reference List example
Webpage: No Date
(Brown n.d.)
Brown, S n.d., 12 ways to save money by using what you’ve got on hand, viewed 29 May 2018, <https://www.stayathomemum.com.au/my-money/money-saving-tips/dozen-hidden-ways-youre-saving-money-didnt-even-realise/>.
Use the abbreviation n.d. for “no date”.
Web Document
(Dugdale et al. 2018)
Dugdale, S, Holeton, R, Finkelstein, A, Johnston, J & Smith, R 2018, 7 Things you should know about emerging classroom technologies, Educause, viewed 29 June 2018, <https://library.educause.edu/resources/2018/4/7-things-you-should-know-about-emerging-classroom-technologies>.
Web Document -Building Code
Web Document -Building Code (cont.)
Australian Building Codes Board states that there are requirements to become accredited (2017, p.2).
OR
The requirements for WaterMark accreditation are set out in the Approved Certifier Agreement…(Australian Building Codes Board 2017, p. 2).
Australian Building Codes Board 2017, Watermark Certification Scheme, Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Canberra, viewed 21 May 2018, <https://www.abcb.gov.au/Resources/Publications/Certification/WaterMark-Brochure>.
Web Document
Government Report
‘The strategy recognised that closing the gap in Indigenous disadvantage would require long-term, generational commitment, with effort to be directed across a range of priority areas’ (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (PMC) 2018, p. 11).
Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2018, Closing the gap – Prime Minister’s report 2018, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Canberra, viewed 13 February, <https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/reports/closing-the-gap-2018/sites/default/files/ctg-report-20183872.pdf?a=1>.
Web Document
Australian Bureau of Statistics
Low wealth households have not experienced any real improvement in net worth in more than a decade (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2017).
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2017, Household income and wealth, Australia, 2015-16, cat. no. 6523.0, ABS, Canberra, viewed 16 March 2018, <http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/ abs@.nsf//0/5F4BB49C975C64C9CA256D6B00827ADB?Opendocument>.
Computer Software
(OpenOffice.org 2017)
OpenOffice.org 2017, computer software, downloaded 17 May 2018, <http://www.openoffice.org>.
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Lecture Notes
Material Type
In-text example
Reference List examples
Lecture Notes
Direct quote
‘Overspecialization can result in human diseconomies from boredom, fatigue, stress, poor quality, increased absenteeism, and higher turnover’ (Naughton 2018, p.1).
Naughton, S 2018, Seminar 7: Transforming organisations: strategy, structure & design, lecture notes, Organisation Change Management BMO6624, Victoria University, delivered 21 May 2018.
Lecture notes obtained from an online source (such as VU Collaborate or E-reserve) are referenced as shown in the example above.
Lecture Recording
Indirect quote
Nursing is a unique, wonderful career choice (Connor 2018).
Connor, R 2018, Session 1A: Image of the nurse, lecture recording, Professional Studies HNB1103, Victoria University, delivered 7 March 2018.
Theses
Material Type
In-text Example
Reference List Examples
Thesis: Unpublished
(Kyei-Nimakoh 2017)
Kyei-Nimakoh, M 2017, ‘Management and referral of obstetric complications: a study in the upper east region of Ghana’, PhD thesis, Victoria University, Melbourne.
Title is not italicised for unpublished theses.
Thesis: Unpublished
(Roman 2018)
Roman, CW 2018, Using a model of emotional self-efficacy in predicting work outcomes, Alliant International University, San Diego.
If the thesis is published, the title is italicised with no quotation marks.
Thesis: Online
(Kashuk 2017)
OR
Kashuk (2017) states that…
Kashuk, S 2017, Investigation of MRI brain changes in developmental coordination disorder and Friedreich’s ataxia, PhD thesis, Victoria University, Melbourne, viewed 22 May 2018, <http://vuir.vu.edu.au/id/eprint/33211>.
Legislation
Material Type
In-Text Example
Reference List Examples
Acts/Statutes
Section 67 of the Yarra River Protection (Wilip-Gin Birrarung Murron) Act 2017 (Vic) states that …
OR
‘Framework for environmental reporting’ … (Yarra River Protection (Wilip-Gin Birrarung Murron) Act 2017 (Vic), s. 67).
According to the Regional Investment Corporation Act 2018 (Cth) (No. 6, 2018).
Yarra River Protection (Wilip-Gin Birrarung Murron Act 2017 (Vic)
Regional Investment Corporation Act 2018 (Cth)
No full stops at the end of the reference for the Reference List for legislation and cases.
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Material Type
In-Text Example
Reference List Examples
Bills
Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Bill 2017 (Cth).
Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Bill 2017 (Cth)
No Italics.
Cases
Reurich v Sureway Employment and Training Pty Ltd (2018) FCA 680.
Reurich v Sureway Employment and Training Pty Ltd (2018) FCA 680
Conference Proceedings
Material Type
In-text example
Reference List example
Conference Paper: Online
(Winstone & Boud 2017)
Winstone, N & Boud, D 2017, ‘Supporting students’ engagement with feedback: the adoption of student-focused feedback practices in the UK and Australia’, Annual Conference of the Society for Research into Higher Education (SRHE), Newport, South Wales, 6-8 December 2017, viewed 22 May, 2018,<https://www.srhe.ac.uk/conference2017/abstracts/0074.pdf>.
For papers available online, include viewed date and URL (web site address).
Conference Paper: Published (Print)
(Hay 2016)
Hay, B 2016, ‘Drone tourism: a study of the current and potential use of drones in hospitality and tourism’, CAUTHE 2016: the changing landscape of tourism and hospitality: the impact of emerging markets and emerging destinations, Blue Mountains, Sydney, 8-11 February, 2016, pp. 49-68. The techniques for referencing conference papers are very similar to those used when referencing a journal article. Put the conference name in italics.
Conference Paper: Unpublished
(Tomscha 2017)
Tomscha, S 2017, ‘Wetlands for people and place: developing a blueprint for ecosystem service restoration in wetlands’, paper presented at the EIANZ Annual Conference, Tu Kaha: Stand tall, Wellington, New Zealand, 29 October -1 November 2017. For unpublished papers, include the phrase ‘paper presented at…’ before the name of the conference. You do not need to put the conference name in italics.
Complete Conference Proceedings
(IAENG 2017)
The first time you cite a corporate author, use the full name then use their acronym in brackets.
IAENG (International Association of Engineers) 2017, World Congress on Engineering 2017, Imperial College, London, UK, 5-7 July 2017. This example shows how to deal with organisations as corporate authors.
The name, place and year of the conference are italicised because they they form part of the title of the work.
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Personal Communications
Material Type
In-Text Example
Reference List Examples
Email
An email (JW Ayers 2018, personal communication, 2 February) confirming that results are accurate …
You do not need to include an entry in the reference list.
Interview
During an interview conducted on 6 June 2018, Prof Helena Moore stated that …
OR
The Professor’s statement was confirmed during an interview (H Moore 2018, personal communication, 6 June)
You do not need to include an entry in the reference list if you conducted the interview.
For interviews conducted by another person or using different media, please refer to the page on multi-media formats in this guide.
Letter
In a letter dated 17 May 2018, Ben Smith stated that…
OR
Ben Smith expressed sincere regret in his letter (B Smith 2018, personal communication, 17 May).
You do not need to include an entry in the reference list.
Telephone call
During a phone interview conducted on 11 March 2018, Professor Sam Smith stated that…
OR
The company president’s statement was confirmed during a phone interview (P Clinton 2018, personal communication, 20 February).
You do not need to include an entry in the reference list.
Multi-Media Materials
Material Type
In-text example
Reference List example
Online Video
(Loving Vincent 2017)
(Victoria University Library 2017)
(Singh Sidhu 2018)
Loving Vincent 2017, online video, Madmen Entertainment, viewed 1 June 2018, <https://vu.kanopy.com/video/loving-vincent-0>.
Victoria University Library 2017, Ebooks: how to download an EBook Central e-book, online video, viewed 16 February 2017, <https://vimeo.com/vicunilibrary/ebookcentral>.
Singh Sidhu, B 2018, Are we running out of clean water, YouTube, 6 December, TED-Ed, viewed 13 February, <https://youtu.be/OCzYdNSJF-k>.
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Material Type
In-text example
Reference List example
Online Audio
(Sheeran 2018)
Sheeran, E 2018, Dive, online audio, accessed 29 May 2018, <https://open.spotify.com/track/51ChrwmUPDJvedPQnIU8Ls?si=SiT6FezxSFKqDbXXg4fdOA>.
Twitter post
The Fair Work Ombudsman (2018) posted ‘Did you know superannuation contributions need to be listed on pay slips? It’s a common error we see’.
Fair Work Ombudsman 2018, ‘Did you know superannuation contributions need to be listed on pay slips? It’s a common error we see’, Fairwork_gov_au, Twitter, 21 May, viewed 23 May 2018, <https://twitter.com/fairwork_gov_au/status/998687634380787712>.
Facebook post
‘How’s our First Year Model going? For starters, Block 2’s pass rate was 85%, following on from Block 1’s 90%’ (Victoria University 2018).
Victoria University 2018, ‘Students celebrate with 85% pass rates thanks to VU’s First Year Model’, Victoria University, Melbourne Australia, Facebook, 23 May, viewed 23 May 2018, <https://www.facebook.com/victoria.university>.
Blog Post
(Ecker 2018)
Ecker, M 2018, ‘A very different environment for early toolmakers in South Africa’, Oxford Science Blog, weblog post, 21 May, viewed 23 May 2018, <http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/science-blog/very-different-environment-early-toolmakers-south-africa>.
Television Program
(Broadcast)
(When the war is over 2018)
When the war is over 2018, television program, Australian Story, ABC TV, Sydney, 9 April.
Television Program
(Retrieved online)
(Quilty et al. 2018)
List only the first contributor followed by et al.
Quilty, B, Bainbridge, M, Bainbridge, B, Oddie, J, Lambie, J & Bainbridge, T 2018, When the war is over: the challenges that Mick had was mortal loss, friends that had been killed around him – Australian Story, television broadcast, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 9 April, viewed 23 May 2018, <https://search-informit-com-au.wallaby.vu.edu.au:4433/documentSummary;dn=TSM201804090107;res=TVNEWS>.
Provide the names of all contributors in the reference list.
Audio Podcast
(Foot 2019)
Foot, G 2019, ‘Health drinks: tumeric’, The best thing since sliced bread?, podcast, 20 February, accessed 25 February 2019, <https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p071h3tx>.
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Material Type
In-text example
Reference List example
Video Podcast
(Cordon 2017)
Cordon, J 2017, ‘Bruno Mars Carpool Karaoke’, The late late show with James Cordon, accessed 23 May 2018, <https://youtu.be/AFxCO_DyzYM>.
DVD
(Aida’s secrets 2017)
Aida’s secrets 2017, DVD, Music Box Films, Chicago, directed by Alon Schwarz & Shaul Schwarz.
Music Track from an Album
(Lamar & SZA 2018)
Lamar, K & SZA 2018, ‘All the stars’, on Black Panther: the album, sound recording, Top Dawg, USA.
Note: That the title track is in single quotation marks and the album title is in italics.
Company Information
Material Type
In-text Example
Reference List Examples
Company Report
(BHP 2017)
BHP 2017, BHP sustainability report for the year ended 30 June 2017, viewed 20 May 2018, <https://www.bhp.com/-/media/documents/investors/annual-reports/2017/bhpsustainabilityreport2017.pdf?>.
Company Annual Report
(Telstra 2018)
Telstra 2018, Telstra annual report 2018, viewed 25 August 2018, retrieved from Orbis database.
Company Profile
(Marketline 2017)
Marketline 2017, Tesla Motors Inc., company profile, viewed 15 May 2018, retrieved from Business Source Complete database.
Financial Data
(Datastream 2018)
Datastream 2018, S&P ASX200 daily index data 2016-2018, viewed 20 March 2018, retrieved from Datastream database.
Industry Report
(Ibisworld 2018)
Ibisworld 2018, Employment placement and recruitment services in Australia: global industry report, viewed 7 March 2018, retrieved from IbisWorld database.
Patents and Standards
Material Type
In-text example
Reference List example
Patent (print)
(Kassiou et al. 2018)
Kassiou, M, Jorgensen, W, Munoz, L & The University of Sydney 2018, Anti-cancer compounds, 2018900315.
Patent: Retrieved from a Database
(Larson, Reid & Oronsky 2018)
Larson, C, Reid, TR & Oronsky, BT 2018, Immunomodulatory fusion proteins, US20180134766, viewed 23 May 2018, retrieved from Scopus.
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Material Type
In-text example
Reference List example
Standard (print)
(Standards Australia/New Zealand Standard 2016)
Standards Australia 2016, Quality management systems – requirements, AS/NZS ISO 9001:2016, Standards Australia, NSW.
Standard: Retrieved from a Database
(Standards Australia 2018)
Standards Australia 2018, Audio/video, information and communication technology equipment- safety requirements, AS 62368.1-2018, viewed 23 May 2018, retrieved from SAI Global database.
Encyclopedia Entries
Material Type
In-text example
Reference List example
Encyclopedia Entry – No Author
Microeconomics ‘analyses individual consumers and producers, the market conditions and the law of supply and demand’ (World encyclopedia 2014, microeconomics entry).
Note: If no page number is available use the title of the entry.
For encyclopedia entries with no author there is no need for an entry in the reference list.
Dictionary Entry – No Author
Curriculum can be understood as ‘the totality of the specified learning opportunities available in one educational institution’ (Dictionary of education2015, curriculum entry).
Note: If no page number is available use the title of the entry.
Note: Entries retrieved from online encyclopedias and dictionaries via the Library databases can be referenced as though they were print.
For dictionary entries with no author there is no need for an entry in the reference list.
Encyclopedia Entry – Author
‘Russia, which is officially the Russian Federation, is by far the world’s largest country, spanning two continents…’ (Riches & Stalker 2016, p.1).
Riches, C & Stalker, P 2016, ‘Russia’, A guide to countries of the world, 4th edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Dictionary Entry – Author
‘Macroenvironment. The wider environment that creates the forces that shape every business and non-profit enterprise’ (Law 2018).
Note: Entries retrieved from online encyclopedias and dictionaries via the Library databases can be referenced as though they were print.
Law, J 2018, ‘macroenvironment’, A dictionary of finance and banking, 6th edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Note: The title of the dictionary entry is not capitalised, in line with how it appears in the dictionary.
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Image/Photograph/Artwork/Table
Material Type
In-text example
Reference List Examples
Image from a book
Gertsakis’s work, Their eyes will tell you, everything and nothing, 2017, in Millner and Moore (2018, p. 138)…
Millner, J & Moore, C 2018, Feminist perspectives on art: contemporary outtakes, Routledge, London.
Image from Flickr
This photo showing a panorama of Austrian mountains (Crazzolara 2018) is of high quality.
Crazzolara, T 2018, Alpine panorama, image, Flickr, viewed 24 May 2018, <https://flic.kr/p/27fJCsF>.
Image from a webpage
This photo contains many elements to plan a road trip (Kreisa 2018).
Kreisa, M 2018, 60+ vital first words and phrases to learn in a new language, image, FluentU Travel, viewed 24 May 2018, <https://www.fluentu.com/blog/first-phrases-to-learn-in-a-new-language/>.
Original artwork
Jane Sutherland’s masterly depiction of early morning light at the artist’s camp in Box Hill was particularly admired in her painting The Mushroom Gatherers (1895).
Sutherland, J 1895, The mushroom gatherers, Oil on canvas, 481×993 mm, Australian Collection, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne.
Original artwork – When you have viewed works in-situ
Is Damien Hirst’s painting Veil of love’s secrets (2017) reminiscent of Aboriginal artist Emily Kame Kngwarreye’s works?
Note: Below is an example of a citation of an original work viewed in a temporary exhibition.
In Wishing Well Ektoras (2014) demonstrates..
Hirst, D 2017, Veil of love’s secrets, Oil on canvas, 144×108 inches, Gagosian Gallery, New York.
Ektoras, M 2014, Wishing well, Mono-print: Acrylic on rice paper, Exhibited at: Light & Shade exhibition, Beth Hulme Gallery & Studio, Melbourne, 15 May – 6 Jun 2015.
Table or figure from a book
Look at the table ‘Density functions of the estimator of the location parameter μ depending on the hypothesis values μ = 0 and μ = 2, respectively’ (Rasch & Schott 2018, Fig. 3.1, p. 81).
Note: Include the table or figure number if available.
Rasch, D, & Schott, D 2018, Mathematical statistics, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
Table or figure from an online source
As the figures for 2016–17 show (AIHW, 2017, Table 3.6, p. 56)…
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2017, Admitted patient care 2016–17 Australian hospital statistics, Health Services series no.84, AIHW, Canberra, viewed 24 May 2018, <https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/acee86da-d98e-4286-85a4-52840836706f/aihw-hse-201.pdf.aspx?inline=true>.
Harvard Referencing
All formats
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Last updated on: 28 June 2019
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Data
Material Type
In-text example
Reference List example
Dataset (DOI)
(Woods et al. 2018)
Woods, C, Fernee, C, Browne, M, Zakrzewski, S & Dickinson, A 2018, The potential of statistical shape modelling for geometric morphometric analysis of human teeth in archaeological research, electronic dataset, University of Southampton Institutional Repository, doi:10.5258/SOTON/404043.
Dataset (URL)
(Fluker 2017)
Fluker, M 2017, Fluker posts: community based environmental monitoring, electronic dataset, Fluker Post Research Project, viewed 12 June 2018, <http://www.flukerpost.com>.
Case Studies
Material Type
In-text Example
Reference List Examples
Case Study: Online
(Business Queensland 2016).
Business Queensland 2016, Coastal Cruises Mooloolaba, case study, viewed 14 February 2017, <http://www.business.qld.gov.au/starting-business/advice-support/support/case-studies/coastal-cruises>.
Case Study: Book Chapter
According to Gorski and Pothini (2018, p. 92)…
Gorski, PC, & Pothini, SG 2018, ‘Cases on immigrant status’, case study, in Gorski, PC, & Pothini, SG (eds), Case Studies on Diversity and Social Justice Education, Routledge, Milton, Qld, 92-100.
Case Study: From a Library Database
(Hamdulay & Vidhani 2018)
Hamdulay, F & Vidhani, H 2018, The evolution of lean thinking at K-Way: where to next? case study, retrieved from Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies.