Argumentative Research Essay on Fake News Assignment | Online Assignment

read paper given as uploaded files for full instructions and comprehension of what the paper should contain . this paper was already some what started so

Argumentative Research Essay

introduction of the professors syllabus

Using Michael Sandel’s book Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do?, this class will investigate the concept of justice and, by implication, the related concepts of injustice, fairness, equality, needs, wants, morality, immorality, to name but a few. Beginning week eight, we will examine some specific issues involving questions of justice: the all-volunteer force versus a draft; the Civil Rights movement, specifically, the Freedom Riders and the tactics of civil disobedience, and the argument for reparations. Our case studies of justice/injustice will conclude with some research into the criminal justice system and the question of rehabilitation. Given the inherent complexity of the concept of justice, we will have occasional digressions into other topics. At some point throughout all of this, each of you will decide upon a justice-relevant topic that interests you. Then, over the course of the last five weeks of the semester, you will finish The Craft of Research, while you also engage in independent research into your topic. During this time, you’ll produce a Research Proposal & Outline (one document) and an Annotated Bibliography. Both documents are interim checkpoints for your research process, which will ultimately culminate in an argumentative research essay of at 7 pages that draws upon approximately 10 scholarly sources. By the end of this course, if you do all that is asked of you with thought and care, you will become somewhat of an expert in your topic.

Argumentative Research Essay

Despite what handbooks and high school English teachers tell you, writing is not a linear process. Most of our brains simply do not think in a manner that conforms to the neat writing process that monopolizes composition textbooks and that governs the high school essay. My best advice to you is to become comfortable with messy thoughts; at the same time, though, use writing to make sense of your thoughts.

The last several weeks of the course will be devoted to producing an argumentative research essay of at last 7 full pages. The idea of writing a lengthy paper is likely a scary one; however, it’s important for you to keep in mind that before you produce the research essay, you will read/watched a variety of texts that complicate the concept of justice. You will also have read The Craft of Research.

To alleviate your anxiety, I strongly encourage you to keep a research journal starting with the first assigned reading. Over the course of the semester, as you engage with these various works and encounter these new ideas, write down your thoughts. If you come across a topic that you wish to research further, write this down and begin some preliminary research using tertiary sources.

The first assignment that you will produce toward the research essay is the Research Proposal and Outline; then, you will produce an Annotated Bibliography, which documents and manages your research process. As you produce both documents, you should be documenting your thoughts in a research journal, as this often becomes the most painless way to begin writing the daunting research essay.

With these instructions given , I started on the research and proposal outline

Here is what I had turned to the teacher as my RPO ;

Research Proposal & Outline document

            Proposal includes 3-part research statement;

[1. Topic] What are you writing about..

[2. Question] What you don’t know about it..

[3. Significance] Why you want your readers to know and care about it

the topic I am studying is fake news because I want to find out its effects on our society and what is being done to prevent It, In order to help my readers better understand that fake news is a serious matter and is still spread to this day.

The spread of fake news has become a detrimental issue in today’s society causing mental problems towards the readers, causing havoc and negativity in society, and even has the potential to change the perspective of the world.

5-10 supporting statements

1. studies show that most US adults have lost trust in news media. Now if real news emergency pops up, people won’t believe It because of fake news
2. surveys find that 57 percent of American’s have seen fake news during elections and around 20 percent admit that the fake news influenced their vote. Fake news can impact decisions readers make.
3. fake news experts who study fake news and its increasing shares say that 3 months before the presidential election, fake news beat mainstream news engagement on social media such as Facebook.
4. health professionals claim fake news can cause mental problems such as insomnia, anxiety and even depression
5. article proves that the spread misinformation has led to death.
6. statistics show that social media is the top source of news for mostly every country worldwide
7. statistics also prove that social media is the top distributor of traffic sources for fake news.
8. though there has been many solutions to try and stop the spread of misinformation, analysis shows that fake news stories have grown even more around the 2020 election then in the past election.

Works Cited/ Bibliography

Allcott, et al. “Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.31.2.211.

Erdelyi, Karina Margit. “The Psychological Impact of Information Warfare & Fake News.” Psycom.net – Mental Health Treatment Resource Since 1986, www.psycom.net/iwar.1.html.

“Fake News Expert On How False Stories Spread And Why People Believe Them.” NPR, NPR, 14 Dec. 2016, www.npr.org/2016/12/14/505547295/fake-news-expert-on-how-false-stories-spread-and-why-people-believe-them.

“Fake News on Facebook Is Increasing – and Reaching More People than It Did in 2016.” Nieman Lab, www.niemanlab.org/2019/11/fake-news-on-facebook-is-increasing-and-reaching-more-people-than-it-did-in-2016/.

Fake News: How to Spot It, www.prattlibrary.org/research/tools/index.aspx?cat=90&id=4735.

“How Google Makes Millions Off of Fake News.” Campaign for Accountability, campaignforaccountability.org/work/how-google-makes-millions-off-of-fake-news/.

“Indicators of News Media Trust.” Knight Foundation, knightfoundation.org/reports/indicators-of-news-media-trust/.

Martenzie. “How Fake News Led Dylann Roof to Murder Nine People.” The Undefeated, The Undefeated, 16 Mar. 2018, theundefeated.com/features/how-fake-news-led-to-dylann-roof-to-murder-nine-people/.

Meixler, Eli. “Fake News: Facebook Drops Alert Flag for Disputed Articles.” Time, Time, 22 Dec. 2017, time.com/5077002/facebook-fake-news-articles/.

“‘Rated False’: Here’s the Most Interesting New Research on Fake News and Fact-Checking.” Nieman Lab, www.niemanlab.org/2020/01/rated-false-heres-the-most-interesting-new-research-on-fake-news-and-fact-checking/.

“Research Guides: Fake News: Develop Your Fact-Checking Skills: Why Should You Care?” Why Should You Care? – Fake News: Develop Your Fact-Checking Skills – Research Guides at Benedictine University Library, researchguides.ben.edu/c.php?g=608230&p=4219917.

“Tools That Fight Disinformation Online.” RAND Corporation, www.rand.org/research/projects/truth-decay/fighting-disinformation/search.html.

Watson, Amy. “Usage of Social Media as a News Source Worldwide 2019.” Statista, 12 Sept. 2019, www.statista.com/statistics/718019/social-media-news-source/.

Watson, Amy. “Traffic Sources for Fake News in the U.S. 2017.” Statista, 21 Nov. 2019, www.statista.com/statistics/672275/fake-news-traffic-source/#statisticContainer.

West, Darrell M. “Brookings Survey Finds 57 Percent Say They Have Seen Fake News during 2018 Elections and 19 Percent Believe It Has Influenced Their Vote.” Brookings, Brookings, 25 Oct. 2019, www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2018/10/23/brookings-survey-finds-57-percent-say-they-have-seen-fake-news-during-2018-elections-and-19-percent-believe-it-has-influenced-their-vote/.

ONCE  giving this as my rpo document , this is the grade I got on it and why ;

Assessment: Research Proposal & Outline                                                           Student:  

47/50

Student : your topic is good, although too broad. To narrow, you might determine your primary audience: are you writing to citizens? To policy makers?

Deciding on your audience can steer you toward a more focused thesis.

Also, keep in mind that while you are providing information, the purpose of your essay is to make an argument—to advocate for some specific course of action. (This is why determining your audience is crucial.)

I would encourage you to schedule a research consultation with a librarian:

AFTER THIS WAS TURNED IN , I turned In my annotated bibliography and my REVISED rpo and this is it;

Annotated Bibliography

Allcott, et al. “Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election.” Journal of Economic     perspectives, Vol. 31, no.2, Spring 2017, pp. 211-236.    www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.31.2.211

In the article, “Social media and Fake News in the 2016 Election” authors Hunt Allcot and Mathew Gentzkow show the effectiveness and overall exposure of fake news in crucial times around the 2016 election. People claim that Donald trump would not have won the election if it wasn’t for fake news. In the article they provide various information on research studies such as the population who believed fake news, who was the most viewed news source at the time, content of that news, percentage of shares of fake news and many more topics. This article is important to my research project because of the various data such as, line graphs, pie charts, bar graphs, web browsing data, archives of fast checking websites, and results from online surveys that prove that fake news has the potential to influence decision making at a dangerous degree. I plan to use this article in my paper when I start talking about how dangerous fake news was in 2016 and how It has changed over time in 2020. This article came from a peer-reviewed scholarly journal. The authors are both research associates of the NBER and are professors at NYU and Stanford.

Bergsma, et al. “Effectiveness of Health-Promoting Media Literacy Education: a Systematic Review.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 17 Jan. 2008, academic.oup.com/her/article/23/3/522/636710.

In the article, “Effectiveness of health-promoting media literacy education: a systematic review” authors Lynda Bergsma and Mary Carney claim that media literacy should be taught in schools in order to for students and citizens to avoid falling for misleading information in the media. They support this claim with studies on how effective this method is and even bring analysis on how to teach these methods. This article helps me in my research paper because it provides statistics and studies on a possible solution that can prevent fake news from being perceived and believed. This article is peer-reviewed and was posted from a trust-worthy source known as the Oxford academic.

Erdelyi, Karina Margit. “The Psychological Impact of Information Warfare & Fake News.” Psycom.net – Mental Health Treatment Resource Since 1986, www.psycom.net/iwar.1.html.

In the article, “The Psychological Impact of Information Warfare & Fake News” author Karina Erdelyi claims that not only does the spread misinformation effect our decision making, but it can also lead to have mental health issues such as panic attacks, anxiety, and even depression. The author goes into deep detail about how this has affected society on a mental scale providing statistics from professional health workers showing how many people have performed self-harm because of false information on the media. This article helps me in my research because it shows how deep this issue can go, and it also helps me explain in accuracy who is most vulnerable to mental health issues when it comes to fake news. This article was made from many health professionals’ statements and analysis from hospitals.

“Fake News Expert on How False Stories Spread And Why People Believe Them.” NPR, NPR, 14 Dec. 2016, www.npr.org/2016/12/14/505547295/fake-news-expert-on-how-false-stories-spread-and-why-people-believe-them.

In the article, “Fake News Expert on How False Stories Spread And Why People Believe Them” author Craig Silverman explains how fake news works and how is that the people behind the fake news sites convince their readers to believe their stories. Silverman also explains how false stories during the campaign were spread on google and monetized by Google Adsense. I can use the information in this article in my research paper in order to better explain to my audience the structure and methods these fake sites use to convince their sites. This type of information can also be useful for researcher trying to find solutions or atleast new methods to slow down the spread of misinformation. This article was peer- reviewed and published by a reputable source. The author is a known expert and according to NPR.org he, “has spent years studying media inaccuracy and has worked with BuzzFeed News” which is also a known as a trust-worthy news source.

“Fake News on Facebook Is Increasing – and Reaching More People than It Did in 2016.” Nieman Lab, www.niemanlab.org/2019/11/fake-news-on-facebook-is-increasing-and-reaching-more-people-than-it-did-in-2016/

Laura Hazard Owen in “Fake news on Facebook is increasing- and reaching more people than it did in 2016” claims that fake news sources are spiking more in the 2020 election than it did in 2020. The author provides tweets, Facebook posts, and the top stories on social media indicating that this wave of fake news has already been spread more than it did 3 months before the election in 2016. This article is helps me in my project as it is a good analysis between two different time periods in which fake news has risen the most. With this article I can explain how fake news has changed over time providing statistics and data to support my claim. This article was posted by a reputable source known as the “Neiman Lab.” This organization is known to collaborate with Harvard University and even have a program there called the Neiman Foundation.

Fake News: How to Spot It, www.prattlibrary.org/research/tools/index.aspx?cat=90&id=4735.

“How Google Makes Millions Off of Fake News.” Campaign for Accountability,             campaignforaccountability.org/work/how-google-makes-millions-off-of-fake-news/.

In the article, “How Google makes millions off of fake news,” the author claims that a motive as to why fake news is being spread so much is because of the ad revenue money these fake news sites accumulate. So many people are clicking these links with eye catching headlines, every time they visit the site, it makes that site money. The problem with this is that big internet companies such as Google and Facebook are basically paying these sites to share misinformation on the worldwide net. This article is important in my research paper because this article has identified a root of this problem: money. It provides table and graphs as to exactly what is happening in this fake news “industry” and how they are making money from the spread of misinformation. I plan to use this article when I claim the motives as to why fake news has not gone away. This article was posted by a trustworthy organization known as the Campaign for Accountability.

“Research Guides: Fake News: Develop Your Fact-Checking Skills: Why Should You Care?” Why Should You Care? – Fake News: Develop Your Fact-Checking Skills – Research Guides at Benedictine University Library, researchguides.ben.edu/c.php?g=608230&p=4219917.

In the article, “Research Guides: Fake News: Develop Your Fact-Checking Skills: Why Should You Care?” experts explain the many different ways why fake news should matter to you. These experts go into deep insights one probably would not have thought of such as how the fake news can effect your trust with media. This article helps my research paper because of the many different reasons it provides as to why this topic is important for the reader. I plan to use this source at the beginning of my research paper because I want to attract many readers and explain to them that this topic is relevant to them and should interact with the reading. After all my thesis is to raise bigger awareness to the issue. This article comes from a peer-reviewed scholarly journal, making the article a trust-worthy source.

“Tools That Fight Disinformation Online.” RAND Corporation, www.rand.org/research/projects/truth-decay/fighting-disinformation/search.html.

In the article, “Tools That Fight Disinformation Online” the author provides many solution that many expert have brought up in order to solve or atleast slow down the spread of fake news. With every “app” or tool that is being given to identify fake news, the author also provides the effectiveness of each tool. This article proves that there is already many solutions to this issue but that will not stop the spread of false news. This article helps me in my research paper because I can better explain to my readers with studies and data that even though there are many ways to prevent fake news, that is not going to stop the fake news creators from creating more false info. With this article, one can better understand that false information has been around for ever, and it will stay with us forever. This article was published by a scholarly organization making it a reputable source.

Watson, Amy. “Traffic Sources for Fake News in the U.S. 2017.” Statista, 21 Nov. 2019, www.statista.com/statistics/672275/fake-news-traffic-source/#statisticContainer.

In the article, “Traffic Sources for Fake News in the U.S. 2017” Amy Watson finds and explains the main fake news sources that have been identified as top sources that spread fake news. In the article she goes into great detail explaining how these sites started off, to what degree these sites have grown, and even shows the stories they have made up. This article helps me in my research paper because as it gives examples of how these top fake news sites look like and what they consist of. I can provide to audience statistics on how many people have visited these sites and how many shares have been made from this site onto social media. These article is from a scholarly journal and is known for its reputable statistics.

            Revised 3 part research statement

Te topic I am studying is fake news because I want to find out its effects on our society and what is being done to prevent It

In order to help my readers better understand the seriousness of the matter and methods on how to prevent and slow down the spread of fake news.

The fake news media is and will continue to be a  detrimental issue in today’s society causing mental issues towards the readers, havoc and negativity in society, and even has the potential to influence your decision making in real life situations. If awareness programs and things like media literacy are not taught in schools, then we might see a turn for the worse

THIS IS THE GRADE I RECEIVED ON MY ANNOTATED BIB AND WHY ;

WITH ALL THIS SAID , IF THE PAPER YOU WRITE CAN INCLUDE SOME OF THE RESOURCES I HAVE PUT ATLEAST SOME, IN ORDER FOR THIS PAPER TO MAKE SENSE TO MY PROFESSOR