ENG108 People Experiencing Nightmares Causal Argument Assignment Follow the instruction to rewrite the given paper based one the teacher’s feedbackYou need

ENG108 People Experiencing Nightmares Causal Argument Assignment Follow the instruction to rewrite the given paper based one the teacher’s feedbackYou need to go through all instructions very carefullyAll places need mentioned in feedback must be rewritten 1
English 108/Spring 2019
Writing Project Two: Causal and Consequence Arguments
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Topic and Audience Due Tues Mar 12
First Draft1 with Toulmin Model Due Tues Mar 19
Revised Draft with Track Edits Due Thu Mar 21
Final Draft and Reflection Essay Due Tues 4/2
For this assignment, you will choose an issue and write a 5-page essay about the causes or consequences of a trend, a one-time
event, a repeatable or reoccurring event, or a puzzling phenomenon2. Claims of cause ask “What caused it? Where did it come
from” Why did it happen? What are the effects? What probably will be the results on a short-term and long-term basis?”
Essentially: Your claim3 will argue that X causes (does not cause) Y. Your argument should persuade your audience to accept
your explanation of the causes or consequences of your chosen phenomenon. Within your essay, you should examine
opposing views and then give convincing reasons why those views could be rejected.
PURPOSE: To persuade your audience to agree with your position.
AUDIENCE: You will direct your argument to the students and instructor of this class.
RATIONALE FOR ASSIGNMENT/SKILLS TO WORK ON:
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use invention strategies to develop ideas for a topic.
develop a clear description that there is an argument to be made about whether X causes (does not cause) Y.
use research and support for your argument using compelling reasons backed up with evidence.
learn how to anticipate and refute objections to your argument.
create effective paragraphs and sentences
learn to use effectively integrate, use, and document your sources.
learn to critique your own and others’ works.
follow directions and meet deadlines.
KEY ASPECTS:
This project asks you to make an argument about that some event causes/leads to or does not cause/leads to another. Key
aspects of this project include the following:
1. Compose a thesis statement and develop paragraphs that show an argument about causes and effects.
2. The required length is 5 full pages not including Works Cited page.
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Each time a draft is due, you will post a copy in Assignment on Bb by the start of class and bring two copies to class.
This is a requirement; it is not optional.
2 By definition, a “phenomenon” is a fact, occurrence, or circumstance observed or observable; something that is impressive
or extraordinary.
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The position you take; your viewpoint.
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3. You will document sources, using Use MLA documentation.
4. Document is double-spaced throughout. Use 12-point, Times New Roman font.
5. You will provide for your essay a developed title that hints at what the essay is about.
RESEARCH:
You must cite from three reliable sources (print, online, interviews, documentaries, speech, etc.) in your paper. Sources
should come from your research to help you specify your claim. These should come from ASU Library and suit the intention
of your argument. Most importantly, each use of a source should help you build your argument. This doesn’t mean that each
source has to agree with your claim, but you should skillfully position outside work so that it compliments your project. We’ll
spend some time in class talking about how to incorporate outside sources into your own writing.
Model Essays for Assignment in A Guide to Writing (Required reading)
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Deborah Fallows, “Papa, Don’t Text: The Perils of Distracted Parenting”
Carlos Macias, “The Credit Card Company Made Me Do It!”
Selected student essays.
WRITING POINTS:
Define the issue clearly
• Throughout your argument, be aware of what else your audience knows or does not know about your topic and what your
audience’s priorities are.
• Make sure that all terms are clearly defined throughout your essay. Terms such as “reasonable,” “responsible,” “extreme,”
“destructive,” and “moderate” are examples of words that would need to be defined in context for your reader.
• Develop an introduction that presents the issue clearly, hooks your reader into the topic, and provides the necessary
background information (you may need more than one paragraph to do this).
Take a clear position
• Compose a thesis statement that is clear and appropriately qualified for causal argument.
• Your thesis will state your position for cause and effect with a because clause (reasons).
Develop an argument supporting your position with sound reasoning,
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Develop your essay with three (3) reasons. Remember that reasons should be arguable assertions, not statements of fact,
and that they should be able to be stated as complete sentences. A reader should be able to state your reasons clearly and
definitively after reading your essay.
Support your reasons with sufficient, relevant, and consistent evidence and explanation, primarily from the assigned
written sources (facts, statistics, testimony from authorities) and perhaps some personal stories, examples, or hypothetical
anecdotes of your own.
I cannot stress strongly enough that your essay must have ample specific evidence from the assigned written
sources.
You will need to put outside sources in context in your own argument. Take care to be the primary voice in your essay
and use the outside sources to supplement and reinforce your views.
Remember you can also use interviews and personal experience, but do so wisely.
Remember you must anticipate and rebut objections.
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ORGANIZING A CAUSAL OR CONSEQUENCE ARGUMENTS
PLAN 1
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Introduction SECTION
a. Hook and introduce phenomenon to be explained and show why it is problematical.
b. Provide needed background on issue.
c. Thesis (put thesis at end of introduction.)
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Describe the causal relationship SECTION
a. State and develop in a paragraph the first reason in a topic sentence that supports your claim.
i. Provide evidence and examples.
b. State and develop in a paragraph the second reason in a topic sentence that supports your claim.
i. Provide evidence and examples.
c. State and develop in a paragraph the third reason in a topic sentence that supports your claim.
i. Provide evidence and examples.
d. Continue with fourth reason, if you have on.
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Summarize your opponent’s causal argument SECTION; set out the causes offered by other people and
show how they can be ruled out. Then re-introduce your own claim and demonstrate why it is superior to
others’.
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Conclusion SECTION
a. Sum of your argument.
b. Spell out the importance of the analysis, if you haven’t already done so.
c. Explain any action you think needs to be taken based on your conclusion.
d. End with something memorable.
PLAN 2 When your purpose is to change your audiences’ mind about a cause or consequence:
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SECTION 1: Describe the trend, event, or phenomenon you will be analyzing. Give the background your
readers will need.
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SECTION 2: Summarize your opponent’s causal argument; set out the causes offered by other people and show
how they can be ruled out. Then re-introduce your own claim and demonstrate why yours is superior to others’.
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SECTION 3: Present your own causal argument.
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SECTION 4: Conclusion
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Sum up your argument.
Spell out the importance of the analysis, if you haven’t already done so.
Explain any action you think needs to be taken based on your conclusion.
End with something memorable.
CONG 1
Zibo Cong
ENG108
WP # 2 Final Draft Causal Argument
March 28, 2019
Casual Topic: Why do people experience nightmares?
Psychologists claimed that nightmares can be caused by various psychological triggers
including depression and anxiety (Lamarche & De Koninck 2007). Further, post-traumatic
disorder is thought to bring certain conditions like nightmares and chronic diseases. Additionally,
certain disorders can be the primary cause of nightmares for adults. In other words, there is no
specific cause of nightmares. In most cases, nightmares cause people to wake up in the middle of
the night feeling terrified. It usually takes some minutes for one to come back to normal
reactions after experiencing a nightmare. Nightmares can trigger a person’s deepest fears causing
them to panic even after waking up. An example of a nightmare is a dream where one dreams
that someone is trying to kill them. These types of nightmares trigger a lot of fear that may make
a person scream in the middle of the night. There are certain myths about the interpretation of
these nightmares that try to explain why people experience them. For instance, a dream where
someone dreams that they are drowning may be an indication that they have been overwhelmed
by emotions. Developmental, psychological, and organic factors have been identified as causes
of nightmares (A. K. Leung & W. L. Robson, 1993). Therefore, it can be concluded that most
nightmares are caused by relevant experiences across the human’s life span.
According to statistics, everyone has experienced a nightmare once in their lives.
Nightmares occur when a person’s eyes are in a rolling motion causing them to sweat and breathe
heavily. I think the fascinating thing about nightmares is that they almost seem realistic because
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they are linked to the victim’s real-life situations. Nightmares are far different from dreams
which cause a person to experience emotions that are not real. Nightmares, on the other hand,
involve intense emotions and feelings.
While some dreams can be short and unpleasant, most dreams are long and sweet. This
aspect differs from nightmares that cause tension to a person and are never pleasant or sweet. I
think it may be hard for a second person to determine whether someone is experiencing a
nightmare or a night terror. The reactions of someone experiencing a nightmare and another
going through a night terror are almost similar. Nightmares may cause a person to wake up all of
a sudden and have the ability to analyze their experiences. On another thought, nightmares
usually tend to last longer for most of the following day after the ordeal. I had experienced
nightmares when I was a child. From my experience, I think most of my nightmares were
triggered by the scary stories that I used to read and hear my parents narrate. Most nightmare
memories stick with a person for the better part of their life. However, dreams tend to fade fast
shortly after a person wakes up. Whenever children experience nightmares, they feel compelled
to narrate to their parents as a way of gaining assurance that they are safe and well protected.
Maybe the most common thought among many people is the real cause of nightmares that
a person experiences. As I grew up, I came to realize that even adults experience nightmares.
This is funny because children put their safety in the hands of their parents whenever they get
nightmares. So what are the most common causes of nightmares? Waking up from a nightmare
may be the worst feeling a person can experience. As opposed to many people’s thoughts,
nightmares do not fade away when one grows up. A large population of adults gets nightmares
frequently. Although nightmares may come as a result of a person’s thought before they fell
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asleep, anxiety is the most common cause of nightmares in most adults. Documents shown that
2-8 percent of adults are disturbed by nightmares thought their life course.
Nightmares can be caused by the feeling of distress and unease. The feelings and
emotions that occur to a person while they experience a nightmare force them to wake up in a
frightened state. Stress is another factor that can cause nightmares in an adult. This may happen
after specific real-life experiences that create a person’s thoughts to focus on particular ideas
causing them nightmares as a result. Often, the victim’s heart tends to beat faster than usual
during and after the night mare which explains why people sweat during this experience.
As opposed to what people might perceive, nightmares involve physical movements as
well as emotions. For instance, whenever I go through a nightmare, I wake up in a state of
struggle feeling tired. This thus shows that nightmares are not only psychological but rather
involve physical activity. For instance, one might have a nightmare where they see themselves
being chased by an unidentified creature. In most cases, the things that cause fear in nightmares
are not fully revealed. The creatures involved thus tend to be partially unveiled which makes it
even hard for the victim to narrate the experience. The fact that even adults experience
nightmares makes it a disorder which requires treatment if it persists for several occasions.
“Another study published in the Journal of The Mind and Body, found that ice cream and
candy bars can trigger increased brain waves” (Restonic, 2019). In this case, it is being proved
that certain foods could cause nightmares. Generally, overeating would bring pressure to our
body. Extra food before night means that our body needs to do extra work for consuming those
energies. Considering real life examples, spicy foods would increase the body temperature and
mess up the working function of the health system. Therefore, we might not be as deep, at the
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meantime, increasing the probability of causing nightmare. Unhealthy eating behavior brings
pressure to our body and could lead to nightmares.
A series of nightmares can cause impairment hence ending up affecting an individual in
real life. Adults tend to have a major challenge concerning nightmares because they are different
from kids who seek comfort from their parents whenever faced they experience nightmares. With
this regard, how can nightmares be treated? In order to treat this problem, doctors follow a
procedure where they begin by determining the cause of the nightmares. The reason behind this
is because some nightmares are connected with other sleep disorders that tend to trigger them. If
any other sleep problem is diagnosed, it is treated distinctly before the nightmare treatment
commences. People with PTSD can be cured through a rehearsal therapy where they are
instructed to change the ending to a nightmare when someone is alert during day time.
As depicted in most movies, nightmares cause distress and are often associated with a
person’s real situation. People with emotional issues or stress will experience nightmares more
often than people who lead happy lives. In summary, we create the nightmares in our own minds
only that they do not happen exactly the way they are expected. This comes through our thoughts
of the things that we fear most or the situations that we are facing at the moment. People who
experience nightmares usually have specific issues going on in their life. As results, their
thoughts are transformed into nightmares causing terror in the middle of the night until the
problems are addressed. In my opinion, always keep in positive could decrease the probability of
occurring nightmares. Since most of the cause of nightmare are psychological factors, stress
management would always be an effective solution. From the other hand, there is still a chance
that nightmares are not caused by physiological factors. For instance, religion. “Dreams and
visions are mentioned in the Bible, and God sometimes used the dream state to communicate
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with his prophets and others” (Gotquestions.Org, 2019). This is not a common cause of
nightmares, but it is still accepted by society with a more reasonable statement – religion is
disturbing the brain activities during dreams. Religion affects the normal logic of a person from
the subconscious.
Work Cited
Lamarche, Lynne J, and Joseph De Koninck. “Sleep Disturbance in Adults with Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder: a Review.” The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, U.S. National Library of
Medicine, Aug. 2007, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17854251.
Leung, A K, and W L Robson. “Nightmares.” Journal of the National Medical Association,
National Medical Association, Mar. 1993,
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2571879/.
“Does Eating Before Bed Cause Nightmares?” Restonic, 6 Mar. 2019, restonic.com/blog/eatingbed-nightmares-2346.
“What Does The Bible Say About Nightmares / Bad Dreams?”. Gotquestions.Org, 2019,
https://www.gotquestions.org/Bible-nightmares.html.
Grade Sheet for Causal Argument
Zibo Cong
THIS GRADE SHEET IS DESIGNED TO SHOW YOU WHAT YOU DID WELL ON THIS PAPER AND WHAT THE
PROBLEM AREAS WERE. AN X INDICATES SOMETHING IS MISSING, INCOMPLETE OR UNDEVELOPED, OR
NEEDED MORE WORK. IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS, MAKE AN APPOINTMENT AND SEE ME.
Goal: Convinces the reader there is an argument about whether X causes (does not cause) Y.
CLEAR DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM SHOWING X CAUSES/DOES NOT CAUSE Y.
CLEAR CAUSAL CLAIM WITH AT LEAST THREE REASONS (CAUSES).
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Goal: Content and Development – Makes clear causal relationships
LIVELY AND INTRODUCTION FOR INTENDED AUDIENCE WITH DETAILED BACKGROUND INFORMATION.
CAUSES/REASONS INTRODUCED IN A TOPIC SENTENCE; IDEAS EXPLAINED AND ELABORATED IN
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PARAGRAPH. TOPIC SENTENCES RELATE TO THE THESIS AND INDICATE WHAT THE PARAGRAPH WILL
DISCUSS.
COMPELLING REASONS BACKED UP WITH EVIDENCE TO PERSUADE THE READER TO ACCEPT X LEADS TO OR DOES NOT
LEAD TO Y.
PARAGRAPHS ARE APPROPRIATE LENGTH (NO MORE THAN ¾ OF A PAGE) AND DEAL WITH ONE IDEA;
WITHIN PARAGRAPHS; SENTENCES FOLLOW ONE ANOTHER LOGICALLY; SENTENCES ARE EFFECTIVELY
DEVELOPED.
THE WRITER ADDRESSES OPPOSING VIEWS MIGHT HAVE AND REFUTES THOSE OBJECTIONS.
CONCLUSION EFFECTIVELY WRAPS UP AND ASSERTS THAT X CAUSES (DOES NOT CAUSE) Y. INCLUDES BRIEF
SUMMARY OF MAIN POINTS; INCLUDES A PROVOCATIVE INSIGHT, QUOTATION, AND/OR QUESTION.
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IDEAS ARE ORGANIZED.
Goal: Interpret, Incorporate, and Integrate Sources
APPROPRIATE NUMBER OF RELIABLE SOURCES ARE USED AND CITED CORRECTLY IN-TEXT AND WORKS
CITED PAGE IN MLA.
THE PAPER IS ACCURATELY FORMATTED, USING TIMES NEW ROMAN, 12 POINT FONT, DOUBLE SPACING
AND PROVIDES APPROPRIATE PAPER HEADER FOR PAPER. PAGES ARE NUMBERED
Goal: Style and Mechanics
Writing is smooth, skillful, coherent.
Diction and syntax (grammar) are consistent and words well chosen. (Not considered in grade.)
HAS CHECKED WRITING MECHANICS (SPELLING, PUNCTUATION) CAREFULLY; HAS PROOFREAD THE PAPER
CLOSELY. Pages numbered. (Graded)
Zibo,
Your paper provides an interesting argument about what causes people to have nightmares.
The claim is stated at the end of the introduction and is clear to the reader. Also, the sources
used for support appear relevant to your argument. However, the paper can be improved.
First, the thesis needs three reasons what cause people to have nightmares. Your thesis gives
one reason linking a person’s “experiences.” The argument provides a paragraph on page 2. The
examples you use are your own and the paper uses none of the sources that are cited in
Works Cited. The other paragraphs provide reasons/causes for nightmares but had not been
stated in thesis.
Another issue is organization of ideas. On page 3, it appears that the paper presents opposing
views. If this is true, the argument follows with more causes for nightmares.
For the next paper, I suggest, you follow the organization plan for the argument. As you write,
check back and see if your writing is on track.

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