Edinburgh Napier What Are the Distinguishing Characteristics of Services HW 1. This is a poster presentation, it should be prepared in that manner. i will

Edinburgh Napier What Are the Distinguishing Characteristics of Services HW 1. This is a poster presentation, it should be prepared in that manner. i will upload an example and please you can check google2. The poster presentation must be properly referenced in APA referencing style3. A word document explaining the poster presentation is required so as to read in preparation for the presentation. No word limit Please address any comments to the document authors or Subject Group Leaders.
Authors
Keith Walker – Subject Librarian, Information Services
Sarah Borthwick – The Business School, Accounting Subject Group
Maureen Hughes – The Business School, Languages Subject Group
Debora Jeske – The Business School, Human Resource Management Subject Group
Paul Langford – The Business School, Financial Services Subject Group
Gerri Matthews-Smith – The Business School, Entrepreneurship Subject Group
Joan McLatchie – The Business School, Tourism Subject Group
Sarah Sholl – The Business School, Strategy, Operations & Economics Subject Group
Nathalia Tjandra – The Business School, Marketing Subject Group
Richard Whitecross – The Business School, Law Subject Group
With support from Business School Academic Lead Learning and Teaching, Monika Foster
Edinburgh Napier University Business School Quick Referencing Guide
This is an introduction to the APA 6th style of referencing which has been adopted by
The Business School at Edinburgh Napier University from 1st September 2016. APA
6th is a Global standard, meaning that wherever you take your reference from, or
whichever reference management software you use, the output will be the same.
The golden rule for referencing is simple. You must cite, in a consistent way, anything
that is not yours.
The specifics of referencing can seem confusing, but the concept behind it is
straightforward – follow the guidance below, but if in doubt check with your module
leader/supervisor, or ask the Library staff for help.
Why we use references:

to avoid plagiarism

to back up arguments with academic theory

to demonstrate an understanding of the subject literature (this also shows where
your work fits in with the greater body of knowledge)

to allow readers to look up the sources used (in much the same way that you will
have done when reading others’ work).
When to use references:
Keep going back to the golden rule: if someone else said or did it – even if you’re not
quoting them directly – you must cite a reference. If you make a direct quote, the only
thing that changes is what the citation looks like.
If you have cited the reference within the text, it must appear in full in the reference
list. If it appears in the reference list, you must have cited it within the text.
When not to use references:
The only time when you don’t need a reference is when you say something or use
information that is entirely your own. Use common sense!
Books
Basic book
Surname(s), initial(s). (year of publication). Title of Book in Italics (Edition, if later than 1st edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
Example:
Author
Citation
Reference
With one author
Boddy (2014) argues…
Or
The conclusion reached (Boddy, 2014)
was…
Boddy, D. (2014). Management : An introduction (6th ed.). Harlow: Pearson
Education.
One author, fewer than 40
words quoted.
Include the quotation in the
paragraph and include the page
number(s). Use double
quotation marks to show the
quotation.
The growth in the use of the internet has
led to a digital culture. “This digital culture
erodes boundaries between producers
and consumers” (Boddy, 2014, p.366).
Or
With internet usage growing rapidly,
Boddy (2014) contends that “This digital
culture erodes boundaries between
producers and consumers”(p.366).
Boddy, D. (2014). Management : An introduction (6th ed.). Harlow: Pearson
Education.
One Author, 40 or more words
quoted.
Begin quotation on a new line,
indented by 5 spaces. Include
page number(s).
Don’t use quotation marks.
Double space between your text
and the indented quote.
When doing business internationally there
is a lot to consider. Boddy (2014), for
example, points out that
The economic context of a country
includes its stage of development as
well as levels of inflation, exchange
rates or levels of debt. The measure
of economic development usually
used is income per head of
population – a measure of a
country’s total production, adjusted
for size of population. (p.113)
Boddy, D. (2014). Management : An introduction (6th ed.). Harlow: Pearson
Education.
Therefore a full analysis of that country….
Two Authors
As per single author style but name both
authors.
Robbins and Coulter (2015)
Or
(Robbins & Coulter, 2015)
Robbins, S., & Coulter, M.K. (2009). Management (10th ed.). London: Pearson
Education.
Three to Five Authors
As per single author, but name all authors
in initial citation.
(Ireland, Hoskisson & Hitt, 2013)
Subsequent citations
(Ireland et al., 2013)
Ireland, R., Hoskisson, R., & Hitt, M. (2013). The Management of Strategy:
Concepts and Cases (10th ed.). London: Cengage Learning.
Six to Seven Authors
First author’s name, followed by et al. e.g.
(Smith et al., 2015)
Reference as a book and name ALL the authors.
Journal Articles
Surname(s), initial(s). (year of publication). Title of Article. Title of Journal in Italics, volume (part), page range (e.g. 3-8.)
Author
Citation
Reference
With one author
Corbett (2011) argues…
Or
The conclusion reached (Corbett, 2011)
was…
Corbett, L. M. (2011). Lean six sigma: The contribution to business excellence.
International Journal of Lean Six Sigma, 2(2), 118-131.
Rules for all other numbers of authors are the same style as per the book examples.
Newspaper Articles
Surname(s), initial(s). (year, month date of publication). Title of article. Title of newspaper in italics, page number(s) (preceded by p./pp.).
Citation
Reference
The City of London will approach the Cabinet with
its ideas regarding the implementation of Brexit
(Arnold & Binham, 2016).
Arnald, M. & Binham, C. (2016, August 19). City abandons hope of full acces to EU single market. The
Financial Times, p.1
SOURCES AVAILABLE IN BOTH PRINT AND ONLINE
There are other sources of information which are available in both print and online format, including journal articles, books and newspapers. When accessed
online, the reference is largely the same as the print version but with some minor amendments.

The earlier rules for recording single / multiple authors, quoting from the source and citing more than one source by the same author in the same year
etc. are also applicable to online material.

Never write the web address (URL) in the main body of your work.

Non-working URLs should be avoided, for example those requiring a username and password which your reader may not have. In this case, the journal
/ database home page should be provided instead.

If there is no clear date for the source, use “n.d.” instead

Under APA 6th and unlike the Harvard style, you do not need to include the date you accessed the source.
Electronic journal article
[Reference for a print journal]. doi: OR Retrieved from http://www.

If you can see the DOI (Digital Object Identifier, which provides a permanent link to the article), add this to the end of the reference.

Otherwise, put “Retrieved from” and then the web address.

Both the DOI and web address are not required – it’s one or the other.
Example:
Author
Citation
Reference
With a DOI
Gray (1988) advocates…
Gray, S. J. (1988). Towards a theory of cultural influence on the
development of accounting systems internationally. Abacus, 24(1), 1-15.
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6281.1988.tb00200.x
Without a DOI
Bai (2009) states…
Bai, H. (2009). Facilitating students’ critical thinking in online discussion: An
instructor’s experience. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 8(2), 156164. Retrieved from http://www.ncolr.org/jiol/
Electronic book
[Reference for a print book, EXCEPT the publisher and place of publication]. Retrieved from: http://www.
Example:
Citation
Reference
It could be argued that… (Quinn &
Kristandl, 2014)
Quinn, M., & Kristandl, G. (2014). Business information systems for accounting students. Retrieved from
https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb
Books read on an e-reader
PLEASE NOTE – there is a difference between an e-book and a book read on an e-reader. An E-book is accessed via a web browser, via a link from
LibrarySearch or Moodle. A book on an e-reader is one that has been downloaded to a Kindle, for example.
[Reference for a print book, EXCEPT the publisher and place of publication]. [E-reader version]. Retrieved from http://www.

Many e-readers have page numbers that correspond to those of the printed item, which should be used when quoting material.

Otherwise, the chapter heading should be used to indicate the location of the quote.
Example:
Quotes
Citation
No quotes
It could be argued… (Bryman & Bell, 2011)
Quoting with no page
numbers available
It could be argued “…” (Bryman & Bell, 2011,
chapter 7: Sampling design)
Reference
Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2011). Business research methods [Kindle version].
Retrieved from https://www.amazon.co.uk/
Electronic newspaper articles
[Reference for a print newspaper, including page numbers where available online]. Retrieved from http://www.
Example:
Citation
Reference
Stewart (2012) claims
that…
Stewart, C. (2012, September 20). Thistle do nicely for Games mascot. Evening Times (Glasgow), p. 3. Retrieved from
https://www.nexis.com/
YouTube video
Individual / organisation / screen name who uploaded the video. (Year, month and day when uploaded). Title of video. [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.
Example:
Citation
Reference
Invest Edinburgh (2014) indicate…
Invest Edinburgh (2014, September 4). Edinburgh welcomes international students. [Video file]. Retrieved from

Tweets
Author, Initials. [screen name]. (year, month, day). Title [Tweet]. Retrieved from http://www.
Citation
Reference
President Obama delivered his
second inaugural address, and
focused on equality (Obama, 2013).
Obama, B. [BarackObama]. (2013, January 21). We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths –
that all of us are created equal – is the star that guides us still [Tweet]. Retrieved from

Note – regards Title, up to the first 40 words of the tweet.
Basic website
Author. (Year of publication). Title of website. Retrieved from http://www.

If the website is published by an organisation, use the organisation as the author instead
Example:
Author
Citation
Reference
With an author
Atherton (2013) argues…
Atherton, J. S. (2013). Approaches to study “deep” and “surface”.
Retrieved from http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/deepsurf.htm
With an organisation as
the author
Marks and Spencer (2016) announced…
Marks and Spencer. (2016). Marks and Spencer Group Plc Full Year
Results for 53 Weeks Ended 2 April 2016 and Strategic Update. Retrieved
from http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/media/pressreleases/2016/marks-and-spencer-group-plc-full-year-results-for-53weeks-ended-2-april-2016-and-strategic-update
Lecture Notes or Powerpoint Slides
Where lecture notes or slides are available only from a lecturer, via Moodle, or from someone who took notes during a lecture, reference this a personal
communication, as it is non-recoverable material. If you are referencing material cited within the lecture, e.g. something from a journal article or textbook, then
the original material should be cited rather than the lecture slide.
Citation
Reference
Cite the author(s) in text then in brackets, personal communication, date or
simply year if no exact date known, e.g.
K. Walker (personal communication, September 1, 2016)
Or
Cite author, personal communication and date in brackets, e.g.
(K. Walker, personal communication, September 1, 2016)
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS ARE NOT REFERENCED IF SOURCE
IS NON-RECOVERABLE
WHAT IS A PROJECT?
LLLL
Author: Ly Nguyen-40331391
Sarthak-40327127
Visvanath Ramasubramanian-40335231
Adamma Okeagu-40337869
Conclusion
Quality
Elements of Projects
Introduction
• The end state that project management is trying to achieve.
(Figure 1)
Objectives
எம்
A project is a scheme within a
certain time frame that is
intended to fulfil a definite
purpose. A project needs a
careful planning and
concentrated effort by a group
of people. A project is
temporary and unique. It has
success criteria to measure its
outcomes.
Mansor(2012)
“A project is a set of
activities with a defined
start point and a
defined end state,
which pursues a
defined goal and uses a
defined set of
resources.
(Slack, 2016)
ILLE
Time
• The exact range of the responsibilities taken on by project
management; identify work content, the products or
outcomes.
• Outline the limits or exclusions, what each part of the project will do and will not
do
Cost
Scope
11
Figure 1: The Triangle of Project management
• How project management is going to meet its objectives by
setting milestones and/or stage-gates (Lock, 2019)
Strategy
Clarifying objectives involves breaking down project objectives into three categories –
purpose, the end results and the success criteria.
The relative importance of each objective will differ for different projects
Project Characteristics
Types of Projects
VE
Research
approach
Figure 2: The Diamond
model
Technology
Super-High
Tech
Scale
Comp
lexity
Agh-Tech
Reference
Type 2
Manufacturing
Projects
New product R&D
Equipment manufacture
Automobile, aircrafts,
aerospace, food and drink
Medin.Tech
Type 1:Civil or
chemical
engineering and
construction
projects
Building and construction,
tunnel, bridges, oil and
gas, mining
Low Tech
Array System Assembly
Novelty
Derivative potrorm Breakthrough
Regular
Lock, D. (2009) Project Management.
(9 th Ed). Aldershot: Gower Publishing
Limited
Slack N. (2017) Operations Management
(8 th Ed) Pearson Harlow England
Wysocki, R. (2012). Effective project
management: Traditional, agile,
extreme (6th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.
Mansor, M. (2012). Successful Project
management in a week. London: Hodder
Education
Images resource: internet
Fast
Compitive
Management books:
Operation
Uncer
Novelty
management, Project
tain ty
management
complexity
Tutorial/ workshop/
lecture
Technol
Case study through our
Pace
ogy
own group meeting
(mini project)
Examples in real
business
Although projects are vary, they share a number of common
features. All projects are mission focused – that is, they are
dedicated to achieving a specific goal that should be delivered
within a set time frame, to certain specifications, using
a defined group of resources. (Slack, 2016)
Differentiating between projects can be indicated through
volume and project characteristics. (Figure 2)
Time-Critid
Type 3
Management
Projects
(internal benefits)
IT system, reorganisation,
marketing projects
Blitz
Type 4: Projects
for pure scientific
research
(Lock, 2009)
Pace
o

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