RES500 Saudi Electronic Observation and Sampling in Research Questions Assignment Questions: 1. Explain observation and experimentation with help of an ex

RES500 Saudi Electronic Observation and Sampling in Research Questions Assignment Questions:

1. Explain observation and experimentation with help of an example. What are different sources of secondary data information?

2. What are the essential differences among nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales?

3. Discuss Sample versus Census. Describe the differences between a probability sampling and a non-probability sampling.

4. Distinguish between:

a. Direct and indirect questions

b. Open ended and closed questions

c. Research, investigative, and measurement questions.

Instructions:

Assignment-4 covers Model 10 &11
Your assignment is required to be four to five pages in length, which does not include the title page and reference pages, which are never a part of the content minimum requirements.
Support your submission with course material concepts, principles from the textbook and at least three scholarly, peer-reviewed journal articles.
Use academic writing standards and follow APA style guidelines.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1VcERenamWQ2SLQ8_y… RES 500 Academic Writing and Research Skills
1
WEEK 10
OBSERVATION STUDIES,
EXPERIMENTS, SURVEYS,
MEASUREMENT AND
MEASUREMENT SCALE
Observations
2
We call a set of data derived from an object
(experimental unit) an observation. Each object is
measured according to various aspects, such as
temperature, concentration of some constituents,
frequency of occurrence of some phenomenon, etc.
Each of these aspects is denoted as a variable or
feature. By assembling all available data on all
objects we can build a matrix – a table where the
columns represent the variables and the rows
represent the measured observations.
The Uses of Observation
3
 Observation and the Research Process
The Uses of Observation
4
 Selecting Data Collection Method
Non-Behavioral Observation
5
Record Analysis
Physical Condition Analysis
Physical Process Analysis
Behavioral Observation
6
 Nonverbal Analysis
 Linguistic Analysis
 Extra-linguistic Analysis
 Spatial Analysis
Classification of Observation
7
 We can classify observation in terms of the observer
participant relationship. This relationship may be
viewed from three perspectives:
 (1) Is the observation direct or indirect?
 (2) Is the observer’s presence known or unknown?
 (3) Is the observer a participant or nonparticipant?
Limitation of Observation
8
Observation may be limited by:
 The difficulty of waiting for long periods to capture the




relevant phenomena.
The expense of observer costs and equipment.
The reliability of inferences from surface indicators.
The problems of quantification and disproportionately
large records.
The limitation on presenting activities and inferences
about cognitive processes.
Experiments
9
 Experiments are studies involving intervention by
the researcher beyond that required for
measurement. The usual intervention is to
manipulate some variable in a setting and observe
how it affects the subjects being studied (e.g., people
or physical entities). The researcher manipulates the
independent or explanatory variable and then
observes whether the hypothesized dependent
variable is affected by the intervention.
Evaluation of Experiments
10
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
Conducting of Experiments
11
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Select relevant variables.
Specify the treatment levels.
Control the experimental environment.
Choose the experimental design.
Select and assign the subjects.
Pilot test, revise, and test.
Analyze the data.
Validity in Experiments
12
Internal Validity
Among the many threats to internal validity, we
consider the following seven:
 History
 Maturation
 Testing
 Instrumentation
 Selection
 Statistical regression
 Experimental mortality
Validity in Experiments
13
External Validity
 Reactivity of testing on X .
 Interaction of selection and X .
 Other reactive factors.
Experimental Research Designs
14
 Preexperimental Designs
 True Experimental Designs
 Field Experiments: Quasi- or Semi-
Experiments
Surveys
15
A
survey is an investigation about the
characteristics of a given population by means of
collecting data from a sample of that population and
estimating their characteristics through the
systematic use of statistical methodology. The
communication approach involves surveying or
interviewing people and recording their responses
for analysis
Some attitudes are expected
16
.
“There once was a demographic survey done
to determine if money was connected to
happiness, and Ireland was the only place
where this did not turn out to be true.”
Fiona Shaw
Irish actress and theater director
Communication Approach
17
d
Strengths
• Versatility
• Efficiency
• Geographic coverage
Weaknesses
• Error
• Inaccessible populations
Communication Approaches
18
SelfAdministered
Survey
Telephone
Survey
Survey via
Personal
Interview
Self-Administered Surveys
19
Mail
Intercept
Drop-off
Modes
Disk-by-Mail
Fax
CASI
10-19
Designing Questionnaires Using the TDM
20
Easy to read
Offer clear directions
Include personalization
Notify in advance
Encourage response
Telephone Survey
21
Traditional
CATI systems
Computeradministered
Designing Questionnaires Using the TDM
22
Lower Cost vs. Personal Interview
Wide geographic coverage
Fewer Interviewers
Reduced interviewer bias
Fast completion time
Random dialing
CATI
Measurement
23
Select
measurable phenomena
Develop a set of
mapping rules
Apply the mapping rule
to each phenomenon
Levels of Measurement
24
Nominal
Ordinal
Classification
interval
Ratio
Levels of Measurement
25
Nominal
Classification
Ordinal
Classification
Order
interval
Classification
Order
Distance
Ratio
Classification
Order
Distance
Natural Origin
References
26
Business Research Methods by Donald R Cooper,
12th Edition.
1.

Chapter 8 – Observation Studies, PP 170-189

Chapter 9 – Experiments, PP 190-213

Chapter 10 – Surveys Studies, PP 214-242

Chapter 11 – Measurement, PP 243-265

Chapter 12 – Measurement Scale, PP 266-293
RES 500 Academic Writing and Research Skills
1
WEEK 11
COLLECTION OF DATA –
QUESTIONNAIRE AND
INSTRUMENTS & SAMPLING
Overall Flowchart for Instrument Design
2
Flowchart for Instrument Design Phase 1
3
Disguising Study Objectives
4
Reluctantly shared,
Conscious-level
information
Willingly shared,
Conscious-level
information
Situations
where
disguise is
unnecessary
Knowable,
Limited-consciouslevel information
Subconscious-level
information
Flowchart for Instrument Design Phase 2
5
Question Content
6
Should this question be asked?
Is the question of proper scope and coverage?
Can the participant adequately
answer this question as asked?
Will the participant willingly
answer this question as asked?

Multiple Choice Response Strategy
7
Which one of the following factors was most influential
in your decision to attend Metro U?
❑
❑
❑
❑
❑
Good academic standing
Specific program of study desired
Enjoyable campus life
Many friends from home
High quality of faculty
Flowchart for Instrument Design Phase 3
8
Guidelines for Question Sequencing
9
Interesting topics early
Simple topics early
Sensitive questions later
Classification questions later
Transition between topics
Reference changes limited
Sampling
10
 Sampling is the process of selecting units (e.g.,
people, organizations) from a population of interest
so that by studying the sample we may fairly
generalize our results back to the population from
which they were chosen.
The Nature of Sampling
11
Population
Population Element
Census
Sample
Sampling frame
Why Sample?
12
Availability of
elements
Greater
speed
Lower cost
Sampling
provides
Greater
accuracy
Sampling Design
within the Research Process
13
Types of Sampling Designs
14
Element
Probability
Selection
•Unrestricted • Simple random
•Restricted
Nonprobability
• Convenience
• Complex random • Purposive
• Systematic
• Judgment
•Cluster
•Quota
•Stratified
•Snowball
•Double
Steps in Sampling Design
15
What is the target population?
What are the parameters of interest?
What is the sampling frame?
What is the appropriate sampling
method?
What size sample is needed?
References
16
Business Research Methods by Donald R Cooper,
12th Edition.
1.


Chapter 13 – Questionnaires and Instruments, PP 294-335
Chapter 14 – Sampling, PP 336-372

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