PCB 3702L Florida International University Nervous System Study Guide Paper Submit a study guide or summary of one of the first four labs ( cell biology, n

PCB 3702L Florida International University Nervous System Study Guide Paper Submit a study guide or summary of one of the first four labs ( cell biology, nervous system, cardiovascular system, or gastrointestinal system).- The format can be bullets, numbers, paragraph form, drawings, or a combination.-1-2 pages long. PCB3702L
Nervous
System
Lab
Divisions of the nervous system
1.
Nervous
system
2. Autonomic
Nervous
System
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all
of the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of
the body. Together, these organs are responsible for the
control of the body and communication among its parts.
The part of the nervous system responsible for control of
the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as
breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.
3.Sympathetic Helps support exercise or emergency actions—the
so-called “fight-or-flight”responses.
4. Somatic
Nervous
system
Conveys output from the CNS to skeletal muscles only.
Because its motor responses can be consciously
controlled, the action of this part is voluntary.
Divisions of the nervous system
5.
Parasympathetic
The parasympathetic nervous system takes care of
“rest-and-digest” activities,
6. Central
Nervous System
Consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is the
source of
thoughts, emotions, and memories. Most signals
that stimulate muscles to contract and glands to
secrete originate here
Consists of all nervous tissue outside the nervous
system. Components include nerves and sensory
receptors.
7. Peripheral
Nervous System
Divisions of the nervous system
Neuroglia PNS
Satellite cells: Help regulate and stabilize the
environment around ganglion cell bodies located on
either side of the spinal cord.
“From various animal studies it has been well-established that skeletal
muscle satellite cells are essential for muscle fiber repair and/or
regeneration.”(Lepper et al., 2011; McCarthy et al., 2011; Murphy et al.,
2011; Sambasivan et al., 2011).
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2015.00283/full
Schwann: Form myelin sheath around axons of PNS
neurons.
Neuroglia CNS
Astrocytes: They have processes that wrap around
capillaries (the smallest blood vessels) in the CNS. Also help
to maintain the appropriate chemical environment.
Ependymal cells: Line the ventricles of the brain and inside
of spinal cord, assists in the production, circulation, and
monitoring of the CSF.
Microglia: They remove cellular debris formed during
normal development of the nervous system and
phagocytize microbes and damaged nervous tissue. CNS
Oligodendrocytes: Responsible for forming and maintaining
the myelin sheath around axons of neurons in the CNS.
Brain Structures
1. The Cerebellum coordinates somatic motor patterns and
adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in the brain and
spinal cord.
2. The center that controls emotions, autonomic functions, and
hormone production is known as the hypothalamus.
3. Inside the brain we have the Thalamus which is a relay and
processing center for sensory information.
4. The area of the brain which controls the processing of visual and
auditory data, generation of reflexive somatic motor responses,
and maintenance of consciousness is the Mesencephalon.
Brain Structures
5. The function of the medulla oblongata is to relay sensory information
to the thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem. It also contains
the centers for regulation of visceral functions such as cardiovascular,
respiratory, and digestive systems.
6. Another part of the brain is the pons, which is responsible for relaying
sensory information to the cerebellum and the thalamus, and contains
the subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers.
7. One of the more complex parts of the brain which generates
thought processes and intellectual functions is known as the cerebrum.
This area is responsible for the storage and processing of memory and
regulates conscious and subconscious skeletal muscle contractions.
Brain Structures
8. The Temporal Lobe is the region of the brain in which conscious
perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli occurs.
9. The conscious perception of visual stimuli is processed in the occipital
lobe.
10. The corpus callosum connects the left and right sides of the brain
allowing for communication between both hemispheres.
11. The structure that produces melatonin and helps maintain circadian
rhythm and regulation of reproductive hormones is the pineal gland.
12. The part of the limbic system that is concerned with the organization
and storage of memories is the hippocampus.
13. Planning, complex movements, and elaboration of thoughts occurs in
this region of the brain. Frontal lobe .
Brain Structures
14. The formation of words occurs in this specific cortical area of the brain.
Broca’s Area.
15. The Wernicke’s Area is the specific cortical area of the brain in which
language comprehension intelligence occurs.
16. Spatial coordination of the body and its surroundings occurs in this
region of the brain. Parietal Lobe.
17. The structure that contains the amygdala and hippocampus establishes
emotional states, facilitation of memory storage and retrieval, and the
linking of the conscious functions of the autonomic nervous system is the
Limbic system.
18. The Pituitary gland is part of the brain found within the sella turcica
involved in the regulation of other endocrine glands.
The Meninges
Dura Mater. The outermost layer. Tapers into:
–
Foramen magnum of the skull,
2nd and 3rd cervical vertebra of the
sacrum.
Posterior longitudinal ligament.
Subarachnoid Space. Contains CSF which
functions as a shock absorber; diffusion of
waste products; gas exchange and
nutrients.
The Meninges
Pia Mater. Innermost layer; hugs the
brain and spine; has extensions known
as
denticulate
ligament
which
prevents side to side and inferior
motion of the spinal cord.
Subdural Space. The space between
the arachnoid mater and the dura
mater
Arachnoid Mater. Middle layer of the
meninges.
Sensory Tracts
Spinocerebellar Tract:
Carries proprioceptive information to the
cerebellum. Each side has both tracts.
Crossing over occurs at the level of the
spinal cord and the pons.
Lateral Spinothalamic Tract:
Carries sensations of pain and temperature
to the primary sensory cortex on the
opposite side of the body. Cross over occurs
at the spinal cord at the level of entry.
Sensory Tracts
Anterior Spinothalamic Tract:
Carries crude touch and pressure sensations
to the primary sensory cortex on the opposite
side of the body. Crossing over occurs at the
spinal cord at the level of entry.
Posterior Columns:
Carries fine touch, vibration, pressure, and
proprioception sensations to the primary
sensory cortex of the cerebral hemisphere on
the opposite sides of the body. Crossing over
occurs in the medulla oblongata.
Motor Tracts
Anterior Corticospinal Tract:
Contains about 10% of the fibers that travel in the
corticospinal tract. Fibers that travel in this tract travel
down to the spinal cord on the ipsilateral side of the
brainstem from where they originated. It is involved in
controlling proximal muscles such as those of the trunk.
Lateral Corticospinal Tract:
Main component of the corticospinal tract; contains
about 90% of fibers that travel in this tract. Crossing over
occurs in medullary pyramids and continue down to the
spinal cord on the contralateral side of the brain stem.
This tract is involved in controlling distal muscles (the
limbs).
The Neuron
1) Dendrites
2) Terminal boutons
3) Nodes of Ranvier
4) Myelin Sheath
5) Axon
6) Cell body
7) Nucleus
The Neuron
Dendrites: Are short, highly branched processes that extend from the
cell body.
Receive signals from other neurons or from stimuli in the environment,
dendrites function as the main input portions of the neuron.
Terminal Boutons: Specialized presynaptic terminal at the end of an
axon. Contain necessary organelles, proteins and molecules needed
to transmit chemical/electrical information to the postsynaptic cell
Nodes of Ranvier: Periodic gap in the insulating sheath (myelin) on
the axon of certain neurons that serves to facilitate the rapid
conduction of nerve impulses. Also allows saltatory conduction, the
propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one
node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity
of action potentials.
The Neuron
Myelin Sheath: A multilayered covering composed of lipids and proteins.
Like insulation covering an electrical wire, the myelin sheath insulates the
axon of a neuron and increases the speed of conduction of action
potentials.
Axon: A single long, thin process that extends from the cell body. It
functions as the output portion of the neuron by generating action
potentials and then propagating them toward another neuron, a muscle
fiber, or a gland cell.
Cell Body: Contains most of the organelles, including the nucleus.
Because of its ability to direct protein synthesis and other cellular activities,
the cell body functions as the control center of the neuron. Like dendrites,
the cell body also serves as an input portion of the neuron because it can
receive signals from other neurons
Nucleus: contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes.
Clicker question
What part of a neuron is responsible for receiving signals from other neurons?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cell Body
Terminal Boutons
Nodes of Ranvier
Axon
Human Brain vs. Sheep Brain
Larger frontal lobe in humansconsciousness, inventing, creating, and
imagining.
Larger olfactory bulbs on sheep’s brainsneed better senses of smell
The human brain stem is towards the
backbone and downwards, because in
the human body the backbone is vertical;
compared to a sheep’s backbone which is
horizontal, and its brain is directed
outwards.
A. Sheep Brain Dissection: Midsagittal cut
This image shows a
coronal cut of a sheep
brain.
A. True
B. False
A. Sheep Brain Dissection:
Ventricles of the brain
The fourth ventricle
is located at the
level of the
__________.
A. Cerebellum
B. Cerebrum
C. Thalamus
gland
A. Sheep Brain Dissection: Coronal cut
Identify gray
matter in the
brain vs. the
spinal cord.
Figure 1 & 2. Sheep brain coronal cut
Figure 3. Cross section spinal cord
What is the name
of the structure
labeled B?
A. Pineal Gland
B. Thalamus
C. Fourth
Ventricle
D. Hypothalamus
A
D
C
B
B. Reflex activities- Pupillary Reflexes
*A greater intensity of
light causes the pupil
to constrict (get
smaller), thereby
allowing less light in.
* A lower intensity of
light causes the pupil
to dilate (get bigger),
thereby allowing
more light in.
B. Reflex Activities- Pupillary Reflexes
Pupillary Reflex: is a reflex that controls the diameter of
the pupil to regulate the intensity of light entering the
eye. Consensual response.
When this reflex is tested, what do you think is assessed?
Besides healthcare professionals, who else uses the
pupillary reflex to assess the activity of the brain? Why?
B. Reflex Activities- Patellar Reflexes
The tendon that is being
struck by a reflex hammer is
the: Patellar Tendon
The muscle that contracts is
the: Quadriceps Femoris
Muscle
Reflex arc: In vertebrates, most sensory
neurons do not pass directly into the brain,
but synapse directly in the spinal cord, this
allows for faster reflex actions to occur.
B. Reflex Activities- Patellar Reflexes
●
●
Jendrassik maneuver is
used with patients that
show no response at first.
Healthcare professionals
use the Wexler’s Scale(0-5)
to measure reflexes:
-No response= 0
-Hypo (Low) response=1
-Normal response= 2
-Hyper (high response)= 3
Clicker Question
Does the Jendrassik Maneuver enhance
or inhibit the patellar reflex?
A. Inhibit
B. Enhance
B. Reflex Activities
Ciliospinal reflex: Consists of
dilation of the pupil in response
to pain applied to the neck,
face, and upper trunk.
Is the sympathetic or
parasympathetic nervous
system activated during this
reflex?
C. Reaction Time Activity:
Procedure:
1. Choose a stimulus to isolate, in this case you will
be isolating visual, auditory, and touch.
2. Your partner should hold out the meter stick.
3. When your partner drops the stick, catch it as
quickly as you can according to the stimulus being
tested. Make sure you are isolating only one
stimulus, e.g. don’t watch the ruler if your testing for
auditory response!
Which trial (auditory, tactile, or visual will give the
fastest reaction time?
D. Smell and Taste Activity
Materials: Jelly Beans and timer
Procedures:
The subject shuts his or her eyes and
holds his or her nostrils closed. The
experimenter places a jelly bean on
the subject’s tongue. The subject
reports what jelly bean flavor he/she
tastes.
– Eyes closed, nostrils open
– Eyes open, nostrils closed
D. Smell and Taste Activity
Do you think that the
subject is able to taste the
jellybean once they
regained their sense of
smell?
E. Special Senses Activity: Balance Test
Balance or equilibrium is controlled by the
semicircular canals:
– 3 canals , 3 dimensions (the x, y and z
axes)
– Motion in any direction is felt when the
fluid inside the canals triggers tiny hairs on
the inside.
The brain integrates this information into a
sense of balance.
Procedure:
Balance on one foot with eyes closed
Walk a straight line with their eyes closed.

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