Rape Trauma Syndrome and The Invisible War Documentary Analysis HW (2) Only if you can tolerate the content, it is important to review the lecture on Rape

Rape Trauma Syndrome and The Invisible War Documentary Analysis HW (2) Only if you can tolerate the content, it is important to review the lecture on Rape Trauma Syndrome before watching the documentary. You should also read the description and symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5. (3) After reviewing the lecture that is posted on D2L, please watch the video “The Invisible War” (directed by Kirby Dick) only if you can tolerate the content. Again, if this documentary serves as a trigger or creates too much distress – you will not be penalized if you are unable to watch it. This video is on “course reserve” at the library. Please refer to the section entitled “Documentary Learning Series” on D2L. (4) If you are unable to retrieve the video from the library, it is available on Amazon. You may also try Netflix or Youtube. (5) Reflect on the parallels between Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS). Also, focus attention on the variety of interventions documented in the lecture to include medications to prevent diseases and pregnancy. (6) You will not be penalized if you do not want to read or accept the medical interventions in response to pregnancy covered in the PowerPoint. (7) Please write a one to two-page paper (not in APA format) expressing your thoughts and feelings after reviewing the lecture and the footage. Please do not write more than two pages. You may express any thoughts or feelings about anything you have read in the lecture or reviewed in the footage. There is no right or wrong way to express your feelings about the military, your criticism, likes or dislikes.You will not be penalized for expressing your feelings or thoughts. Your paper should reflect a level of knowledge showing that you have read and reflected on the power point lecture. Please “try” to submit your paper no later than 9:00 A.M. on Thursday (June 18, 2020). (8) If you have a problem submitting the reflection paper by the deadline, you will not be penalized. Simply inform me via email when you will do so. (9) Veterans and currently serving soldiers in the class – your experiences in the military may be different or you may have much more to express regarding the topic. Please, do not hesitate to share your thoughts and feelings in your pap (2) Only if you can tolerate the content, it is important to review the lecture on Rape Trauma
Syndrome before watching the documentary. You should also read the description and symptoms of
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5.
(3) After reviewing the lecture that is posted on D2L, please watch the video “The Invisible War”
(directed by Kirby Dick) only if you can tolerate the content. Again, if this documentary serves as a
trigger or creates too much distress – you will not be penalized if you are unable to watch it. This video is
on “course reserve” at the library. Please refer to the section entitled “Documentary Learning Series” on
D2L.
(4) If you are unable to retrieve the video from the library, it is available on Amazon. You may also try
Netflix or Youtube.
(5) Reflect on the parallels between Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Rape
Trauma Syndrome (RTS). Also, focus attention on the variety of interventions documented in the lecture
to include medications to prevent diseases and pregnancy.
(6) You will not be penalized if you do not want to read or accept the medical interventions in response
to pregnancy covered in the PowerPoint.
(7) Please write a one to two-page paper (not in APA format) expressing your thoughts and feelings after
reviewing the lecture and the footage. Please do not write more than two pages. You may express any
thoughts or feelings about anything you have read in the lecture or reviewed in the footage. There is no
right or wrong way to express your feelings about the military, your criticism, likes or dislikes. You will
not be penalized for expressing your feelings or thoughts. Your paper should reflect a level of knowledge
showing that you have read and reflected on the power point lecture. Please “try” to submit your paper
no later than 9:00 A.M. on Thursday (June 18, 2020).
(8) If you have a problem submitting the reflection paper by the deadline, you will not be penalized.
Simply inform me via email when you will do so.
(9) Veterans and currently serving soldiers in the class – your experiences in the military
may be different or you may have much more to express regarding the topic. Please, do not hesitate to
share your thoughts and feelings in your pap
Adrian Anderson, PhD, LCSW
Use of the DSM (4 or 5) in the context of
sexual trauma; specifically rape, and
psychopathologies that may emerge as a
result of sexual trauma
DSM-IV Cautionary Statement (xxvii)
• DSM (4 or 5) does
not encompass all the
conditions for which people may be treated.
• The purpose of the DSM (4 and 5) is to provide
clear
descriptions of diagnostic categories in order
to enable clinicians and investigators to
• Diagnose
• Communicate about
• Study and treat people with various mental disorders
There are many individuals who are not
born with a mental disorder.
However, as a result of an environmental
event or the actions of another person(s),
a DSM (4 or 5) disorder may emerge
among some individuals.
Social Work and the DSM (Adult Psychopathology, Turner)
views the problems of a client
as functional responses to relational
stressors and to the environment
Social work often
And
as wanting or needing to alter
maladaptive behaviors so as to manage
their lives more effectively.
perceives clients
Social Work and the DSM (Adult Psychopathology, Turner)
In contrast,
the focus
of psychiatry is on pathology: patients
have symptoms that must be eliminated to
restore well being.
The DSM is the creation of an organization of
psychiatrists which embodies the values, assumptions and
outlook of the medical profession.
Yet, the DSM is widely
used by Social Workers.
Thus, as we use the DSM (4 or 5) as an assessment tool
and to diagnose clients, we
must remain
cognizant that some emotional,
psychological and behavioral responses
are not steeped in pathology.
Many human responses
to an event or the
actions of others are considered to be
normal by many social scientists.
Normality versus Pathology in the context of rape and the use of DSM
For instance,
the emotional, psychological and
behavioral responses to rape is
considered to be normal by some social
scientists.
Some scientists suggest that Rape Trauma
Syndrome, a concept not documented in the
DSM 4 or 5, is “normal” in response to rape. It
is not a mental illness.
Although RTS is essentially cognate to
PTSD, it is important to remember that
PTSD is considered a “disorder.” It is listed
in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental “Disorders.”
RTS is not considered a “disorder,” and is
not listed in the DSM.
How is rape defined as a statute (law) in the
state of Georgia?
Does the definition of rape in the state of
Georgia include male victims?
Can marriage be used as a defense against
an allegation of rape in the state of Georgia?
TITLE 16. CRIMES AND OFFENSES CHAPTER 6. SEXUAL OFFENSES
Rape (O.C.G.A.
2011
16-6-1)
(a) A person commits the offense of rape when he has carnal
knowledge of:
(1) A female forcibly and against her will; or
(2) A female who is less than ten years of age.
Carnal knowledge in rape occurs when there is any
penetration of the female sex organ by the male
sex organ.
The fact that the person allegedly raped is the wife of the defendant
shall not be a defense to a charge of rape.
TITLE 16. CRIMES AND OFFENSES CHAPTER 6. SEXUAL OFFENSES
2011
Punishment for Rape
(b) A person convicted of the offense of rape shall be punished by
death, by
imprisonment for life without parole, by imprisonment for life, or by a split
sentence that is a term of imprisonment for not less than 25 years and not exceeding life
imprisonment, followed by probation for life. Any person convicted under this Code section shall,
in addition, be subject to the sentencing and punishment provisions of Code Sections 17-10-6.1
and 17-10-7.
(c) When evidence relating to an allegation of rape is collected in the course of a medical
examination of the person who is the victim of the alleged crime, the Georgia Crime Victims
Emergency Fund, as provided for in Chapter 15 of Title 17, shall be responsible for the cost of the
medical examination to the extent that expense is incurred for the limited purpose of collecting
evidence.
UCMJ 2002 edition (nota bene: there is a 2012 edition. I did not locate the maximum
punishment in the 2012 edition)
Article 120
Maximum punishment.
(1) Rape. Death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct.
(2) Carnal knowledge with a child who, at the time of the offense, has
attained the age of 12 years. Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all
pay and allowances, and confinement for 20 years.
(3) Carnal knowledge with a child under the age of 12 years at the time
of the offense. Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and
allowances, and confinement for life without eligibility for parole.
Consensual sodomy is illegal
in the State of Georgia
as well as
sodomy against
a person’s will.
TITLE 16. CRIMES AND OFFENSES CHAPTER 6. SEXUAL OFFENSES 2011
Sodomy; aggravated sodomy; medical expenses (O.C.G.A. 16-6-2)
(a) (1) A person commits the offense of sodomy when he or she
performs or submits to any sexual act involving
the sex organs of one person and the mouth or
anus of another.
(2) A person commits the offense of aggravated
sodomy
when he or she commits sodomy with force and
against the will of the other person or when he or she
commits sodomy with a person who is less than ten years of age.
The fact that the person allegedly sodomized is the spouse of a
defendant shall not be a defense to a charge of aggravated sodomy.
TITLE 16. CRIMES AND OFFENSES CHAPTER 6. SEXUAL OFFENSES 2011
Punishment for Sodomy; aggravated sodomy; medical expenses
(b) (1) Except as provided in subsection (d) of this Code section, a person convicted of the
offense of sodomy shall be punished by imprisonment for
not less than one
nor more than 20 years and shall be subject to the sentencing and
punishment provisions of Code Section 17-10-6.2.
aggravated sodomy
shall be punished by imprisonment for life
or by a split sentence that is a term of
imprisonment for not less than 25 years and
(2) A person convicted of the offense of
not exceeding life imprisonment, followed by probation for life. Any person convicted under this
Code section of the offense of aggravated sodomy shall, in addition, be subject to the sentencing
and punishment provisions of Code Sections 17-10-6.1 and 17-10-7.
(c) When evidence relating to an allegation of aggravated sodomy is collected in the course of a
medical examination of the person who is the victim of the alleged crime, the Georgia Crime
Victims Emergency Fund, as provided for in Chapter 15 of Title 17, shall be financially responsible
for the cost of the medical examination to the extent that expense is incurred for the limited
purpose of collecting evidence.
(d) If the victim is at least 13 but less than 16 years of age and the person convicted of sodomy is
18 years of age or younger and is no more than four years older than the victim, such person shall
be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall not be subject to the sentencing and punishment provisions
of Code Section 17-10-6.2.
“The Supreme Court ruled in Lawrence v. Texas in
2003 that it is unconstitutional to bar consensual
sex between adults, calling it a violation of the 14th
Amendment” (retrieved on June 15, 2015 from
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/04/21/12-states-ban-sodomy-adecade-after-court-ruling/7981025/ title: 12 states still ban sodomy a decade after court ruling)
However, some “states still have anti-sodomy laws
on the books 10 years after the U.S. Supreme
Court ruled they are unconstitutional.”
TITLE 16. CRIMES AND OFFENSES CHAPTER 6. SEXUAL OFFENSES
2011
Statutory rape (O.C.G.A. 16-6-3)
(a) A person commits the offense of statutory rape
when he or she engages
in sexual intercourse
with any person under the age of 16 years
and not his or her spouse, provided that no
conviction shall be had for this offense on the
unsupported testimony of the victim.
TITLE 16. CRIMES AND OFFENSES CHAPTER 6. SEXUAL OFFENSES
2011
Punishment for Statutory rape
(b) Except as provided in subsection (c) of this Code section, a person convicted of
the offense of statutory rape shall be punished by imprisonment for
not less
than one nor more than 20 years; provided,
however, that if the person so convicted is 21 years of age or older, such person shall
be punished by imprisonment for not less than ten nor more than 20 years. Any
person convicted under this subsection of the offense of statutory rape shall, in
addition, be subject to the sentencing and punishment provisions of Code Section 1710-6.2.
(c) If the victim is at least 14 but less than 16 years of age and the person convicted
of statutory rape is 18 years of age or younger and is no more than four years older
than the victim, such person shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.
TITLE 16. CRIMES AND OFFENSES CHAPTER 6. SEXUAL OFFENSES
Sexual battery
2011
(O.C.G.A. 16-6-22.1)
(a) For the purposes of this Code section, the term “intimate
parts” means the primary
genital area, anus, groin,
inner thighs, or buttocks of a male or female and the
breasts of a female.
(b) A
person commits the offense of sexual
battery when he or she intentionally makes physical
contact with the intimate parts of the body of
another person without the consent of that
person.
TITLE 16. CRIMES AND OFFENSES CHAPTER 6. SEXUAL OFFENSES
2011
Punishment for Sexual battery
(c) Except as otherwise provided in this Code section, a person
convicted of the offense of sexual battery shall be punished as for a
misdemeanor of a high and aggravated nature.
(d) A person convicted of the offense of sexual battery against any
child under the age of 16 years shall be guilty of a felony and, upon
conviction thereof, shall be punished by imprisonment for not
less than one nor more than five years.
(e) Upon a second or subsequent conviction under subsection (b) of
this Code section, a person shall be guilty of a felony and, upon
conviction thereof, shall be imprisoned for not less than one nor
more than five years and, in addition, shall be subject to the
sentencing and punishment provisions of Code Section 17-10-6.2.
TITLE 16. CRIMES AND OFFENSES CHAPTER 6. SEXUAL OFFENSES 2011
Aggravated sexual battery
(O.C.G.A. 16-6-22.2)
(a) For the purposes of this Code section, the term “foreign object”
means any article or instrument other than the sexual organ of a
person.
(b) A
person commits the offense of aggravated
sexual battery when he or she intentionally penetrates
with a foreign object the sexual organ or anus of
another person without the consent of that
person.
TITLE 16. CRIMES AND OFFENSES CHAPTER 6. SEXUAL OFFENSES 2011
Punishment for Aggravated sexual battery
(c) A person convicted of the offense of aggravated sexual battery
shall be punished by imprisonment
for life or by a
split sentence that is a term of
imprisonment for not less than 25 years and
not exceeding life imprisonment, followed by probation for life, and
shall be subject to the sentencing and punishment provisions of
Code Sections 17-10-6.1 and 17-10-7.
Let’s now turn our attention to
Rape Trauma Syndrome
or
RTS
The Encyclopedia of Psychological Trauma edited by Gilbert Reyes, Jon D. Elhai, Julian D. Ford, 2008
A. Burgess & L. Holmstrom introduced the term “Rape
Trauma Syndrome” into the social science literature in
1974.
Burgess & Holmstrom “investigated
the immediate
and long-term effects of rape by designing a study
in which they interviewed all people who sought treatment
for
rape in the emergency department of Boston City
Hospital in a one year period.
The final sample of 92 women were aged 17 to 73.”
The Encyclopedia of Psychological Trauma edited by Gilbert Reyes, Jon D. Elhai, Julian D. Ford, 2008
RTS was initially characterized as a two
phase reaction.
The initial acute phase was distinguished by:
•
A high degree of disorganization in lifestyle
•
Subjective state of fear or terror
•
Overwhelming fear of being killed
•
Humiliation
•
Embarrassment
•
Anger
•
Thoughts of revenge
•
Self blame
The Encyclopedia of Psychological Trauma edited by Gilbert Reyes, Jon D. Elhai, Julian D. Ford, 2008
Physical problems included:
• Soreness
• Bruising
• Tension headaches
• Sleep disturbances
• Stomach pains
• Gynecological symptoms
The Encyclopedia of Psychological Trauma edited by Gilbert Reyes, Jon D. Elhai, Julian D. Ford, 2008
The Second Phase of RTS
“The second phase typically began about 2
to 3 weeks after
the rape and reflected the survival’s beginning to reorganize her
life. During this long-term process of reorganization –
• An increase in physical activity
• Many of the women changed residence
• Many of the women in the study expressed fear of situations that
reminded them of their rape
• Many women experienced sexual dysfunction
• Nightmares related to their traumatic experience
Northwest Arkansas Rape Crisis, Inc.
http://www.nwarapecrisis.com/rts.html
The symptoms of RTS has been expanded by social scientists and
mental health practitioners of the years and include several
reactions. Shortly following rape, the victim may experience:
• Shock: The person appears to be on automatic pilot and may act as
like they normally do. If this response does not work, then crisis sets
in.
• Denial: The person may refuse or avoid talking about the incident,
or even try not to think about it. The person wants to forget what
happened. This is usually a short-lived response.
• Rationalization: Involves a lot of talking and repeating the same
things over and over, often may appear to be void of emotions. It is
usually a verbal processing of thoughts. A person might ask a lot of,
“What if…” and “Why didn’t I…” questions.
Rape Crisis Cape Town Trust rapecrisis.org.za/information-for-survivors/rape-trauma-syndrome/
Physical Symptoms of Rape Trauma Syndrome may include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Feel cold
Faint
Mentally confused (disorientated)
Tremble
Pregnancy
Gynecological problems. Irregular, heavier and/or painful periods.
Vaginal discharges, bladder infections. Sexually transmitted
diseases.
Bleeding and/or infections from tears or cuts in the vagina or rectum.
Nausea and/or vomiting
Throat irritations and/or soreness due to forced oral sex
Pain in the lower back and/or in the stomach
Sleep disturbances. This may be difficulty in sleeping or feeling
exhausted and needing to sleep more than usual.
Eating disturbances. This may be not eating or eating less or
needing to eat more than usual.
Rape Crisis Cape Town Trust rapecrisis.org.za/information-for-survivors/rape-trauma-syndrome/
RTS Symptoms:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Crying more than usual
Difficulty concentrating
Being restless, agitated and unable to relax or feeling listless and unmotivated
Not wanting to socialise or see anybody or socialising more than usual, so as to fill up
every minute of the day
Not wanting to be alone
Stuttering or stammering
Avoiding anything that reminds the survivor of the rape
Being more easily frightened or startled than usual
Being very alert and watchful
Becoming easily upset by small things
Relationship problems, with family, friends, lovers and spouses. Irritability, withdrawal
and dependence are factors which effect this
Fear of sex, loss of interest in sex or loss of sexual pleasure.
Changes in lifestyle such as moving house, changing jobs, not functioning at work or
at school or changes to her appearance
Drop in school, occupational or work performance
Increased substance abuse
Increased washing or bathing
Suicide attempts and other self-destructive behaviour such as substance abuse or
self mutilation.
Family Crisis Center of Northwest Iowa http://www.familycrisiscenters.org/site/rape_syndrome.html
RTS Symptoms:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Helplessness, no longer feeling in control of her life
Lowering of her self esteem
Feeling dirty or contaminated by the rape
Feeling alone and that no one understands
Losing hope in the future
Emotional numbness
Loss of memory
Constantly thinking about the rape
Having flashbacks to the rape, feeling like it is happening
again
• Depression
ETHICAL concerns in the context of diagnosing
Should we treat rape victims following
rape?
Should we be paid for our services by
insurance companies?
ETHICAL concerns in the context of diagnosing
If you submit documentation to an
insurance company in which you write that
your client is suffering from RTS, will any
insurance company reimburse you for
services?
ETHICAL concerns in the context of diagnosing
If you diagnose the victim with Major Depressive
Disorder or PTSD, can you bill most insurance
companies for services?
Yes. These disorders are in the
DSM 4 & 5.
Based on the medical model, these “disorders”
can be (1) diagnosed, (2) treated and (3) cured.
ETHICAL concerns in the context of diagnosing
Social Work and the DSM (Adult Psychopathology, Turner)
The DSM may invite or encourage deliberate
misdiagnosis in response to financial concerns in the
case of particular individuals.
A clinician may overdiagnose with the aim of helping the
client secure insurance reimbursement.
Some clinicians may deliberately underdiagnose due to
worry about a label’s long-term stigmatizing effects.
ETHICAL concerns in the context of diagnosing
if an individual meet
diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive
Disorder or PTSD, it is not unethical to diagnose
In the case of rape,
the individual with one of these disorders, provide
services and pursue reimbursement for services.
Following rape, some individuals may
meet diagnostic criteria for a disorder such
as P…
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