Computer and Information Networking please write in separate pages 250 to 300 words, two references sometimes a big picture can help to give an idea of wh

Computer and Information Networking please write in separate pages 250 to 300 words, two references

sometimes a big picture can help to give an idea of what is going on in a particular subject area. Examine Figure 1-1 (Page 10 PowerPoint slides chapter 1)

1). Explain your basic understanding of WAN to WAN connections, LAN to LAN connections, and WAN to LAN connections. Explain how networks intercommunicate. Also explain the terms server, bridge, router, hub, node, communications network, and communications line.

……end…… topic 1

please write in separate pages 250 to 300 words, two references

2) Explain analog and digital signals. Which one is better and why? Justify your answer. Discuss technologies that have gone from analog to digital. Chapter One
Introduction to Computer Networks and Data Communications

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After reading this chapter,
you should be able to:
Define the basic terms of computer networks
Recognize the individual components of the big picture of computer networks
Outline the common examples of communications networks
Define the term “convergence” and describe how it applies to computer networks
Cite the reasons for using a network architecture and explain how they apply to current network systems

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After reading this chapter,
you should be able to (continued):
List the layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite and describe the duties of each layer
List the layers of the OSI model and describe the duties of each layer
Compare the TCP/IP protocol suite and the OSI model and list their differences and similarities

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Introduction
Who today has not used a computer network?
Mass transit, interstate highways, 24-hour bankers, grocery stores, cable television, cell phones, businesses and schools, and retail outlets support some form of computer network

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The Language of Computer Networks
Computer network – an interconnection of computers and computing equipment using either wires or radio waves over small or large geographic areas
Local area network – networks that are small in geographic size spanning a room, floor, building, or campus
Metropolitan area network – networks that serve an area of 1 to 30 miles, approximately the size of a typical city

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The Language of Computer Networks (continued)
Wide area network – a large network that encompasses parts of states, multiple states, countries, and the world
Personal area network – a network of a few meters, between wireless devices such as PDAs, laptops, and similar devices
Campus area network – a network that spans multiple buildings on a business or school campus

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The Language of Computer Networks (continued)
Voice network – a network that transmits only telephone signals (essentially xtinct)
Data network – a network that transmits voice and computer data (replacing voice networks)

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The Language of Computer Networks (continued)
Data communications – the transfer of digital or analog data using digital or analog signals
Telecommunications – the study of telephones and the systems that transmit telephone signals (becoming simply data communications)
Network management – the design, installation, and support of a network, including its hardware and software
Network cloud – a network (local or remote) that contains software, applications, and/or data

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The Big Picture of Networks
Networks are composed of many devices, including:
Workstations (computers, tablets, wireless phones, etc)
Servers
Network switches
Routers (LAN to WAN and WAN to WAN)
Network nodes and subnetworks

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The Big Picture of Networks (continued)
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Common Examples of Communications Networks

The desktop computer and the Internet
A laptop computer and a wireless connection
Cell phone networks
Industrial sensor-based systems
Mainframe systems
Satellite and microwave networks

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Common Examples of Communications Networks
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The Desktop Computer and the Internet
Common throughout business, academic environments, and homes
Typically a medium- to high-speed connection
Computer (device) requires a NIC (network interface card)
NIC connects to a hub-like device (switch)
Often considered a client/server system

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The Desktop Computer and the Internet
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The Desktop Computer and the Internet
At work or at school – connection is typically some form of Ethernet
At home, for some, a dial-up modem is used to connect user’s microcomputer to an Internet service provider
Technologies such as DSL and cable modems are replacing dial-up modems

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The Desktop Computer and the Internet
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A Laptop Computer and a Wireless Connection
At work or at school – connection is typically some form of wireless Ethernet
Laptop wirelessly communicates with a wireless router or wireless access point
Wireless router is typically connected to a wired-network

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A Laptop Computer and a Wireless Connection
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Cell Phone Networks
Constantly expanding market across the U.S. and world
Third generation services available in many areas and under many types of plans with fourth generation services starting to appear
Latest generation includes higher speed data transfers (100s to 1000s of kilobits per second)

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Cell Phone Networks (continued)
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Industrial Sensor-based Systems
Not all local area networks deal with microcomputer workstations
Often found in industrial and laboratory environments
Assembly lines and robotic controls depend heavily on sensor-based local area networks

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Industrial Sensor-based Systems
(continued)
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Mainframe Systems
Predominant form in the 1960s and 1970s
Still used in many types of businesses for data entry and data retrieval
Few dumb terminals left today – most are microcomputers with terminal emulation card, a web browser and web interface, Telnet software, or a thin client

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Mainframe Systems (continued)
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Satellite and Microwave Networks
Typically long distance wireless connections
Many types of applications including long distance telephone, television, radio, long-haul data transfers, and wireless data services
Typically expensive services but many companies offer competitive services and rates
Newer shorter-distance services such as Wi-Max

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Satellite and Microwave Networks (continued)
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Network Architectures
A reference model that describes the layers of hardware and software necessary to transmit data between two points or for multiple devices / applications to interoperate
Reference models are necessary to increase likelihood that different components from different manufacturers will converse
Two models to learn: TCP/IP protocol suite and OSI model

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The TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Note: Some authors show only four layers, combining the two
bottom layers.
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The TCP/IP Protocol Suite (continued)
Application layer
Where the application using the network resides
Common network applications include web browsing, e-mail, file transfers, and remote logins
Transport layer
Performs a series of miscellaneous functions (at the end-points of the connection) necessary for presenting the data package properly to the sender or receiver

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The TCP/IP Protocol Suite (continued)
Network (Internet or internetwork or IP) layer
Responsible for creating, maintaining and ending network connections
Transfers data packet from node to node (e.g. router to router) within network
Network access (data link) layer
Responsible for taking the data and transforming it into a frame with header, control and address information, and error detection code, then transmitting it between the workstation and the network
Physical layer
Handles the transmission of bits over a communications channel
Includes voltage levels, connectors, media choice, modulation techniques

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The TCP/IP Protocol Suite (continued)

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The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
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The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model (continued)
Application layer
Equivalent to TCP/IP’s application layer
Presentation layer
Responsible for “final presentation” of data (code conversions, compression, encryption)
Session layer
Responsible for establishing “sessions” between users

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The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model (continued)
Transport layer
Equivalent to TCP/IP’s transport layer
Network layer
Equivalent to TCP/IP’s network layer
Data link layer
Responsible for taking the data and transforming it into a frame with header, control and address information, and error detection code

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The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model (continued)
Physical layer
Handles the transmission of bits over a communications channel
Includes voltage levels, connectors, media choice, modulation techniques

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Logical and Physical Connections
A logical connection is one that exists only in the software, while a physical connection is one that exists in the hardware
Note that in a network architecture, only the lowest layer contains the physical connection, while all higher layers contain logical connections

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Logical and Physical Connections (continued)
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Logical and Physical Connections (continued)
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The TCP/IP Protocol Suite in Action
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Summary
Many services and products that we use every day employ computer networks and data communications in some way
Field of data communications and computer networks includes data networks, voice networks, wireless networks, local area networks, metropolitan area networks, wide area networks, and personal area networks

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Summary (continued)
Common examples of communications networks:
The desktop computer and the Internet
A laptop computer and a wireless connection
Cell phone networks
Industrial sensor-based systems
Mainframe systems
Satellite and microwave networks

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Summary (continued)
Key concept in networking is convergence
A network architecture, or communications model, places network pieces in layers
Layers define model for functions or services that need to be performed
The TCP/IP protocol suite is also known as the Internet model and is composed of five layers (some show four):
Application layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Network access layer
Physical layer

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Summary (continued)
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) created the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model
OSI model is based on seven layers: application layer, presentation layer, session layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer, physical layer
A logical connection is a flow of ideas that occurs, without a direct physical connection, between the sender and receiver at a particular layer

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