Advocacy for Animal Testing Solutions as A Political/Social/Cultural Problem Please write about how should society treat the problem- animal testing. I hav
Advocacy for Animal Testing Solutions as A Political/Social/Cultural Problem Please write about how should society treat the problem- animal testing. I have already wrote a research paper about animal testing, and now you have to find out solutions that both benefit for human and animal for animal testing.
PLZ put a lot statistics and picture that should you are credible
the first attachment is my research paper of animal testing
2nd and 3rd attachments is perfect examples that given by professor.
1200 words plz
1) you might advocate for one or more specific solutions to the significant and current political/social/cultural problem that sits at the center of your focus; 2) you might locate the next steps to potentially solving your projects central problem; or, 3) you might argue for why the current solutions do not work and leave your readers with questions about possible next steps. He 1
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Mr. Hills
Writing 39C
April 27 2019
Animal Testing Used In Pharmacy
Medical experiments have existed from time immemorial, and this can be traced back to
history in Aristotles time (university, 2019). This mode of testing is plausible as no human is put
at risk yet results are still obtained. Most of the medical advancements in medicine can be
attributed to this method of testing too. It is, however, unfortunate that very many animal lives
get wasted in this endeavor. PETA, 2019 approximates that over a hundred million animals are
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used annually and by which most succumb to death. This, however, is unfortunate but,
everything has a price. As a human being, we should focus on the merits and contribution of
animal research to human medical development and also the ethics involved.
Some Advantages of Animal Testing
An advantage of using animals for scientific research is that scientist get the implication
of a drug on a lifetime scope. This is mostly the case for cosmetics. Cosmetics are chemicals that
are used to improve the appearance of a person. It is important to note that cosmetics made
purely of toxic substances (Klaschka, 2012). Some of the chemicals used are Phthalates,
fragrance and many others (Cunningham, 2019) which are very lethal but very common. The
twist to the story is that they are deadly but are only fatal at absolute concentrations. This means
that only an experiment can be used to determine this. Therefore, animals like mice are used.
This is advantageous as profound observation is done and, therefore, when a medical product is
finally introduced, humans do not get affected.
Another advantage is that animals to benefit from these medical tests. Surprisingly,
animals suffer from most human diseases like anxiety, stress, cancer and many more (Rogers,
2019). Worldwide, we all know that illnesses like these are severe and can cause loss of life and
feelings of discontentment to occur. Surprisingly animals have feelings too and, they too feel the
sadness pain and all the negative feelings involved when one is sick (Tomai?, 2011). This
means if a cure is found, it benefits both humans and animals simultaneously. From the
information above, it is wise to conclude that animal experiments are decent and not selfish as
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most people assume. The main advantage of is that animals get vigor like humans and live
longer.
Another advantage of using animals in chemical research is that no human beings get
hurt in the process. This is because, some medical experiments are hazardous and affects genes
of specimens (Kolata, 2019). An example is the CRISPR technique which was meant to cure
HIV. In this experiment, eighty-five embryos were used to test if the gene injected could work in
human bodies. They claim to have used defective babies, but human life is valuable no matter the
form it is in. Anyway, after the gene was injected, all the embryos involved died from this
experiment (Kolata, 2019). This is an excellent animosity as if they had used animals; no human
would have died. This is a clear indication of the disadvantage of substituting humans for
animals in research.
Another merit of using animals for research is because some of their genes are like those
of humans (Mosher, 2019). This means that the results of using humans or animals like gorillas
should be comparable. Many drugs have been developed successfully developed and, they
include Lyrica. This drug treats leprosy and is used worldwide for such cases (“Animals Behind
Top Drugs | Foundation for Biomedical Research,” 2019). Such steps save a lot of time and
money required to search for volunteers or even worse, the casualties likely to occur in the
process.
Another advantage of using an animal is that it enables scientists to measure the safety
level of drugs (Murnaghan, 2019). Drugs have serious implications depending on dosage level.
Antibiotics are an excellent example that I will use to establish the logic here. When you
overdose on an antibiotic, some of the consequences include kidney failure, medical resistance,
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death, and many others. Underdose of drugs, on the other hand, mostly cause resistance and
failure to work as intended. All these effects are undesirable and affect the quality of life if these
implications were to fall on humans. Therefore, that is why experiments done using animals are
perceived to be much better because precise dosages are known and effects of over or under dose
are known. Such experiments improve the general quality of human life.
Maybe Its Unfair to Animal
Animal experiments, however, are disadvantageous at times as there is useless loss of
animal life. Experiments follow known procedures that are believed that when followed should
produce the same effects as on humans. On this note, they conduct long and repetitive
experiments to ensure a specific drug is safe on humans. This means that very many animals are
used to gauge every possible parameter. When the drug is finally tested on humans, it fails. This
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means that all the time used and animals that have died in the process do not have a probable
cause (PMC, 2015). Another disadvantage is that animals used in the experiment get deformed
and maimed in the process as shown in figure (Stoddart & Brown, 2014). Such effects are
painful for the animal and should be avoided.
It is ironical that funds for such animal experiments come from the general public, yet
some of them are very innocent of it. The funds come from projects such as the sale of lottery
tickets through donations and from the taxes they pay to the government. Most of the funds for
research are collected from the NIH which had an estimated figure of $30 billion for research
and development but on nonhuman animals. The general public does not have full details
regarding the animal experiments they are funding unknowingly from the taxes they pay to their
governments.
It would be ethically wrong not to perform an experiment which if not conducted it
would cause more harm than good. Some factors are considered before experimenting. They
include; the number of people who would benefit from the research and the damage to be caused
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by the experiment. Also, the number of animals who would suffer in an experiment, and the
adverse effects it would cause on an animal. However, these are not simple to manage since the
harm caused in an experiment is already known but, the advantages are unknown. Use of animals
for research is cheap since animals are adequate in supply; they are easily bred and kept safely in
the labs. The cost would be very high if we were using human beings.
Most of the people are against animal testing and say it is cruel which is mostly true.
However, it is not as painful as testing the drugs on children or people or seeing people lose lives
due to lack of adequate information about a drug. In most countries, there have been rules and
regulations put into place how the animals should be treated when in those laboratories to reduce
the levels of cruelty. Most of the countries in the world have a life expectancy of less than 70
years whereas a mouse has a life expectancy of 2/3 years which allows the scientists to study and
experiment how their life cycle may be affected. This is a unique aspect of why they prefer mice
and rats for experiments.
In the present times, rules and regulations that have been set up to protect animals against
suffering when in the laboratories, unlike the past. Measures have been put to place to minimize
their anguish. This was achieved by the introduction of the Animal welfare concept that ensured
the study of an animal on all aspects. It ensures that humans are responsible for an animal and
agree that the use of an animal is acceptable provided the purpose of the research is in
accordance with the three Rs.
There is the three Rs rule that scientists should follow to reduce the effect of the research
on the animal. They are; Reduction, Refinement and eventually Replacement. The researchers
are required by the law to regularly inspect the living conditions of the animals to be used for the
experiment. They should ensure humane treatment of the animals and also ensure that they are
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well fed and sheltered from harsh conditions. Reduction in making the number of animals lesser
through sharing the findings they have discovered with other researchers, improving their
methods of analyzing data and trying to improve the techniques of experimentation. Refinement
is to ensure animals suffer lesser. This is through providing them with improved and lenient
medical care services, improving their living conditions and eventually using techniques that are
not intense. Ensuring replacement by using humans who volunteer for the study, instead of
experimenting with the whole animal they should try and experiment on the cell structures and
finally the scientists should use epidemiological studies.
My research has mainly focused on the advantages of using animals for research, and
several have been outlined. Some of them are that these experiments improve human research
and that it saves humans the pain of incurring pains involved in being the victim. I have also
outlined that some of these experiments benefit animals themselves and they get to live quality
lives like humans. I have also explained that the main advantage is that human get to know the
right dosages to administer. Some people argue that these experiments are cruel but logically
speaking, using humans is most harsh and unacceptable. I, therefore, think that whether animals
should be used in research is no longer a point of discussion and people should try to move on. I
also contemplate that there are far more advantages to using animals than humans. I have also
talked about the ethical part of the story and concluded that animals used for research should be
utilized and not maimed. Alternative methods have also been outlined to reduce wastage of
animals during research.
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Work Cited
Hopley E (1998) Campaigning against Cruelty The hundred-year history of the British
Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (London: BUAV), p4; French RD (1975)
Antivivisection and Medical Science in Victorian Society (Princeton: Princeton
University Press).
The Society for the Protection of Animals Liable to Vivisection later became the Victoria
Street Society and then the National Anti-Vivisection Society (see Box 2.4).
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Hopley E (1998) campaigning against Cruelty The hundred-year history of the British
Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (London: BUAV).
French RD (1975) Antivivisection and Medical Science in Victorian Society (Princeton:
Princeton University Press); Hopley E (1998) Campaigning against Cruelty The
hundred-year history of the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection
(London: BUAV), p5;
Akhtar A. (2015). The flaws and human harms of animal experimentation. Cambridge
quarterly of healthcare ethics : CQ: the international journal of healthcare ethics
committees, 24(4), 407419. doi:10.1017/S0963180115000079
Mosher, D. (2019). Gorillas More Related to People Than Thought, Genome Says.
Retrieved from https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120306gorilla-genome-apes-humans-evolution-science/
Murnaghan, I. (2019). Using Animals for Testing: Pros Versus Cons. Retrieved from
http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/using-animals-testing-pros-versus-cons.html
PETA. (2019). Experiments on Animals: Overview | PETA. Retrieved from
https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/animals-usedexperimentation-factsheets/animal-experiments-overview/
university, s. (2019). Aristotles Biology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy).
Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-biology/
Tomai?, I. (2011). Seventh Graders Direct Experience with, and Feelings toward,
Amphibians and Some Other Nonhuman Animals. Society & Animals, 19(3),
225-247. doi: 10.1163/156853011×578901
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Kolata, G. (2019). Chinese Scientists Edit Genes of Human Embryos, Raising Concerns.
Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/24/health/chinese-scientistsedit-genes-of-human-embryos-raising-concerns.html
Klaschka, U. (2012). Dangerous cosmetics – criteria for classification, labelling, and
packaging (EC 1272/2008) applied to personal care products. Environmental
Sciences Europe, 24(1). doi: 10.1186/2190-4715-24-37
CDC. (2019). Be Antibiotics Aware. Retrieved from
https://www.cdc.gov/features/antibioticuse/index.html
Animals Behind Top Drugs | Foundation for Biomedical Research. (2019). Retrieved
from https://fbresearch.org/medical-advances/animal-testing-researchachievements/animal-research-behind-top-drugs/
Composition 2: Controlling the Diabetes Epidemic in Urban Cities in India By
Improving Urban Planning, Making Healthier Food Options Available and Affordable,
and Making Healthcare Affordable
According to studies evaluated from various parts of the world, the World Health
Organization predicts that India will have the largest diabetic epidemic by 2025 (Snehalatha).
Action needs to be taken soon to control this rapid growth of diabetic patients, but in order to do
that, what method will be the most effective must be decided. The last national diabetes survey
that was done in India was in 1975 (Gopalan). Since then regional areas have conducted various
studies on factors that have caused the increase in diabetes but no specific policies or programs
have been implemented on a large scale in urban cities of India. Although India has one of the
largest diabetic populations, it has a very minimal amount of research done on the epidemic.
Many of the studies done have been collaborative with other countries such as China, but as
Subbiah Arunachalam asserts in his article, it is vital that India starts conducting its own research
specific to the peoples genetic predisposition and environment (Arunachalam). Researchers
have promoted numerous different ways to reduce the high rate of diabetes in India but no strong
action has been taken yet. As researchers assert, change can be made by nongovernmental
organizations, central and state governments, private sectors such as the food industry, and the
healthcare sector. So far the most that has been done in India is testing the effectiveness of
awareness programs in large urban cities. Although these programs have proven to be effective,
they require large funding and considering the volume of people in these cities, it is almost
impossible to reach every person in the cities. Therefore, in India, a developing country with
rapid urbanization creating a state of mayhem, it would be most effective if the emphasis was
removed from preventative programs and focused more on improving urban planning to make
exercising in the city more safe, making nutritious foods more available and affordable, and
making medications and treatment more affordable.
Since India is a developing country, it lacks resources; thus, many researchers, including
Ankush Desai, suggest that the best strategy to control the growth of diabetes is to create
preventative programs, sponsored by nongovernmental organizations, to build awareness among
the people living in urban cities (Desai). There have been a few programs implemented in
Chennai that have, for the most part, been effective. One of them was the Chennai Urban
Population Study (CUPS). CUPS was the first population based study in 1998 that recorded the
problems with diabetes in India. The study took a target population in a colony in Chennai and
gave advice about proper diet and lifestyle modifications (LSM) to prevent diabetes. When
studied again seven years later, results showed that there were more people who were including
physical activity in their daily lives even though manual labor had decreased over the years.
They had also raised money to build a park in the colony that could be used for physical activity
and a place for peace of mind (Desai). This example shows preventative programs can in fact be
effective, but it is impractical to think that awareness programs themselves will help control the
growth of diabetic patients. This program was successful when tested upon a small colony,
however it is hard to enforce LSM on large populations such as the ones in urban cities.
The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme also conducted a study in 2005 that
monitored the effect of lifestyle modifications in India. This study has been effective in other
countries such as USA, Finland, China, and Sweden. A clinical trial was conducted over a three
year period using four different groups. Group 1 was the control, Group 2 followed specified
lifestyle changes, Group 3 was given metformin (MET), an anti-diabetic drug, and Group 4
followed lifestyle changes and was given MET as well. All the subjects were non- diabetics from
middle class families between the ages of 35 to 55. Lifestyle modifications included about 30
minutes of mild physical activity and diet modifications such as avoiding sugars and reducing
carbohydrates. After observing each group for three years, results showed a relative risk
reduction of 28.5 percent in Group 2, a 26.4 percent reduction in Group 3, and a 28.2 percent
reduction in Group 4. Therefore researchers concluded that lifestyle modifications and MET in
small doses is effective in preventing diabetes (Ramachandran, A.). Although this study was
successful in its goal, it cannot end all diabetes in India. This was a three year study conducted
on only around 10,000 people. Considering that urban cities harbor millions of people, this
program would be impossible to implement in cities. First of all, it is too expensive. One case of
diabetes with lifestyle modifications costs Rs 47,341, with metformin about Rs 49,280, and Rs
61,133 for both (Desai). Secondly, there is no way an organization can force lifestyle
modifications on each individual among the millions that live in the cities and monitor their
adherence to these modifications. Yes, this program does educate people and give them
guidelines on how to live a healthy diabetes- free life, but it does not create an environment for
them to follow these lifestyle modifications. The main problem is not that people are unaware of
the diabetes disease or of how to prevent it, but rather that the cities do not accommodate for
people to live a healthier lifestyle and manage their diabetes.
As seen in the programs mentioned, the most important way to prevent diabetes is to
promote more physical activity and a healthier diet. In order to make it possible for people to
exercise more, improving infrastructure in urban cities is an important step to be taken. Due to
the rapid increase in population and the growth of the middle class the usage of personalized
vehicles, such as cars, is becoming more common than using public transportation. Since so
many people are choosing to use their own vehicles for transportation, it is causing more
congestion and traffic (Godfrey). Cities were not prepared for this rapid urbanization and sudden
growth in population, therefore no urban planning was initiated to accommodate for the millions
of people. Because no proper road safety has been enforced, it is causing a paramount of road
accidents. Furthermore, as seen in the table below, of the total number of road accidents,
bicyclists and pedestrians tend to have the largest percentage of fatalities (Singh). Amongst all
the other cities observed, pedestrians in Delhi tended to have the largest number of accidents. In
comparison to a developed country, such as the USA, the number of pedestrian fatalities is about
three times more and the number of bicycle fatalities is seven times more in Delhi. It is also
important to notice that this research was obtained in the nineties, almost over a decade ago;
since then the population in cities in India has been continually increasing yet the amount of
urban space used …
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