School of Electrical Engineering Electrical Circuit Lab Report lab report electrical circuitplease no plagiarism !!! 0% similarityplease provide me the % o
School of Electrical Engineering Electrical Circuit Lab Report lab report electrical circuitplease no plagiarism !!! 0% similarityplease provide me the % of similarity in trunit in .I will attach the sample in word file also the other word file for the instructions and the PDF is information you need to use in lab report .Please read the rubric 1.2 and follow the instructions. I provided the data in pic(At least 450 words) EXPERIMENT 3:
IDEAL OP AMP OPERATION AMPLIFIER
SIMULATION & DESIGN
OUTCOMES:
Develop a Basic Understanding of the Operation of OpAmps & Learn how to use the circuit-simulation tool Pspice
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this experiment is to develop a basic understanding of
the characteristics of op-amps and how to use them in simple circuits.
The students will simulate, build and test op-amp circuits.
IN PREPARATION FOR EXPERIMENT 3:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Complete all Pre-lab exercises (in the Lab Notebook); it is highly
recommended that the students review KCL, KVL, voltage/current
division, and resistor/capacitor/inductor combinations.
Assemble all circuits required for Experiment 3 (see Fig. 3-3)
Note: for this experiment you will construct the circuits in class.
Read portions of the manual for the Oscilloscope and Function
Generator and become familiar with the instruments key features
and capabilities
Check CANVAS for required Videos.
TO BE HANDED IN:
1)
Copy of Pre-lab exercises @ the beginning of the class;
2)
Copy of measurements/notes recorded in lab notebook for
Experiment 3 @ the end of the class.
NO PSPICE SIMULATIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR THIS PRE-LAB. ALL
SIMULATIONS WILL BE DONE IN CLASS ON THE LAB PCS.
PRE-LAB EXERCISES:
(1)
Derive the expressions for the voltage gain AV of the inverting
and non-inverting op-amp configurations (see experimental
procedure for AVs)
13
(2)
Watch Pspice videos and practice running simulations prior to
coming to class.
Include the following statement (and sign) in your notebook:
I (NAME) confirm that I have reviewed the instrument functions
listed in part (c) below, and watched all the required videos:
Signature: ________________________________
(3)
(4)
Review the following in the equipment users manuals:
Oscilloscope (Agilent DSO-X 3024A):
a) Function of vertical scale knob
b) Function of horizontal scale knob
c) Probe compensation (what/how/why)
d) AC/DC coupling
e) Trigger
i) Channel Menu
f) Probe Menu
Function Generator (Tektronix AFG 3022C)
a) The equivalent output circuit of the FG
b) Types of output signals available
c) Selecting/adjusting amplitude/frequency
d) Load impedance option (what/how/why)
14
BACKGROUND INFORMATION:
Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers (or Op-Amps) are integrated circuits (ICs) that
consist of a handful of transistors resistors and capacitors (the number
of components varies depending on the op-amp; typically 20-30++).
They are inexpensive and are extremely useful in instrumentation
applications; simple op-amp circuits can perform important functions,
which are essentially independent of the characteristics of the op-amps
themselves.
Symbol Terminals
The figure below shows the symbol for the operational amplifier; the
terminals labeled Power Supplies are connected to external power
supplies (typically both a positive and a negative supply are required)
to power up the op-amp; they are often not included when drawing opamp circuits (see spec sheet of 741 in appendix for pin assignment).
Inverting
Input
–
Power
Supplies
Output
Non-inverting
Input
FIGURE 3.1.
+
Op-amp symbol and terminals.
15
Ideal Op-Amp
The figure below shows a simple model for an op-amp. The op-amp is
a differential amplifier that amplifies (multiplies by AOL: open loop
gain) the voltage difference that appears across its input terminals; it has
a large input resistance (RIN) and a small output resistance (ROUT).
For an ideal op-amp these quantities are assumed to be:
AOL=?
RIN=?
ROUT=0
IIN
v
–
–
ROUT
RIN
+ –
+
AOL(v+-v-)
v+
FIGURE 3.2.
A simple model for an op-amp showing its
input and output resistances.
When analyzing ideal op-amp circuits one makes two important
assumptions:
IIN=0 (this is the result of RIN=?); and
V-=V+ (this is the result of AOL=?)
16
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
PART A SIMULATIONS:
Using the Lab Version of Pspice (i.e. full Spice version installed in lab
PCs) simulate the circuits shown in the figure below (time domain
analysis). Each student team must design for a gain using the average
of the last digit of the partners student U#s (i.e. add up the last digit of
your U#s and divide by 2; round up/down as necessary); use a sine,
square, or triangle wave as input with frequency of 1.0kHz and
amplitude of your choice. Use appropriate models for the op-amp (look
up 741 in the SPICE library).
PLEASE NOTE that any simulations required during exams (midterm or
final) must be completed using the Spice version on the lab PCs.
The voltage gains (AV) for the inverting and non-inverting configurations
shown in Fig. 3.3 are:
Inverting:
AV =
VOUT
R
=? 2
VIN
R1
Non-inverting:
AV =
VOUT ! R2 $
= #1+ &
VIN ” R1 %
Your TA must verify/sign your simulations before moving to Part B.
R2
R2
R1
R1
—
—
VIN
+
VOUT
+
VIN
FIGURE 3.3.
Inverting (left) and non-inverting (right) amplifier configurations
17
PART B BUILD AND TEST
Construct the circuits simulated in part A and test using a variety of
inputs (i.e. sine, square, triangle etc.).
R Use ±12 Volts to power up the op-amp.
CAUTION:
Failure to correctly power up the op-amp can result in permanent
damage.
R Use a frequency of 1.0 kHz and amplitude less than 12/AV (i.e. the
amplitude must be less than 12 divided by the gain) for the input
signal.
R Verify the operation of your circuits and save oscilloscope
measurements (input and output) data for each case.
R Using either circuit shown in Fig. 3.3 use a sine wave as input
(f=1.0kHz) and increase its amplitude until you observe distortion
at the output. Can you explain why this happens?
R Using either circuit shown in Fig. 3.3 apply a sine wave as the
input (f=1.0kHz) and vary the DC supplies (simultaneously) in the
range of 6-15 Volts until you observe distortion at the output. Can
you explain why this happens?
R Using either circuit shown in Fig. 3.3 apply a sine wave at the
input (f=1.0kHz) and increase its frequency until you observe
distortion at the output. Can you explain why this happens?
18
…
This is the end of the
experiment
…
Please clean up your
stations
…
Turn off all equipment
before you leave
19
POST LAB REPORT
Content:
The post-lab report must discuss and explain the operation of the opamp circuits designed, simulated and tested in class.
R Provide a description of each circuit and discuss whether your
measurements demonstrated the expected operation (i.e. based on
your pre-lab analysis)
R Discuss and explain all observations
R Compare simulations to by-hand calculations and to experimental
measurements, and comment on potential deviations.
R Include Lessons Learnt in your Conclusion
NOTE: Minimum Post-Lab report requirements can be found on page
5, and report-writing tips to avoid common mistakes can be found in
Appendix A4.
REM: GROUP Post-Lab Report this report must be the combined
effort of the 2 partners who performed the experiment.
Each partner will be graded based on his/her effort.
20
Experiment 3
Amplifier Simulation and Design
1
Table of Contents:
Introduction
3
Objective
3
Experiment Description
3
Background
4
Preparation
4
Pre-Lab
5
Equipment
6
Procedure
7
Part A
7
Part B
7
Conclusion
9
Results Discussion – Part A
9
Results Discussion – Part B
11
Final Conclusion
11
Bibliography
12
References
12
List of Figures
12
List of Images
13
2
Introduction
Objective
In this experiment students will be able to understand op-amps and how they are effected
by different frequency and voltage inputs. Students will also learn about the 2-different types of
op-amps, Inverting and Non inverting which can be seen in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The Keysight
U8030A Triple Output DC power supply, the Tektronix AFG 3022C Function Generator, and
the Agilent DSO-X 3024A Oscilloscope will all be used in order to power up the op-amps, and
to see the output signal that is produced.
Experiment Description
The experiment will have two parts to be completed, part A and part B. For part A students
will build a non inverting op-amp or an inverting op-amp with the use of P-spice, which can be
seen in Image 1. The resistors values that were used were based upon the desired gain output that
is calculated using the students U#s on there student I.Ds. For part B the students will take the
design that was simulated through P-spice and build it on a breadboard. Students will then run
tests on the Op-Amp that was built in order to see if it has the same response as the identical opamp that was simulated on Pspice. After it is confirmed that it is operating correctly
3
students will then test multiple responses that can be produced through a variety of different
inputs.
Background
Preparation
The main focus of this experiment is the understanding of operational amplifiers. Op-Amps
are integrated circuits which are made using transistors, resistors and capacitors. The number of
each of these components can very based upon the type of Op-Amp that is being used. Op-Amps
are typically used as a voltage amplifier which has 2 inputs and a single output. The input
terminals of the op-amp consists of two terminals, one is negative and ones is positive. If the
input signal is connected to the negative terminal then it is operating as an Inverting Op-Amp
and if it is connected to the positive terminal than it is operating an a Non-Inverting Op-Amp.
Each type of amplifier also contains two additional terminals which are used as Dc power
supplies when connected to an external power source so that that the op amp can be functional
within the circuit.
Pre-Lab
For this lab there are two Op-Amps which can be chosen from shown below in Figure 1
and Figure 2, which ever design is chosen will be used for both Part A and Part B of the lab
Procedure. Before the lab, students were required to derive the expressions for both types, the
Inverting and the Non inverting amplifiers. Students were also required to watch the provided
videos on how the op-amp can be designed on the P-spice program. It is very important to have
practice in P-spice prior to the experiment so that Part A of the lab procedure can be completed.
4
The students were also provided with a video on how to build the op-amps on a breadboard and
the importance of connecting the input power sources correctly so that the 741CN Op Amp isnt
destroyed due to a connection error.
Figure 1. Inverting Amplifier.
Figure 2. Non Inverting Amplifier
Equipment
1x Breadboard.
1x 2000 Ohm Resistor.
1x 10000 Ohm Resistor.
1x 741CN Op Amp
DSO-X 3024A Oscilloscope
2x BNC to Alligator Leads.
Oscilloscope Probe Kit Model P-1E
5
Carbon Copy Lab Notebook
Tektronix AFG 3022C Function Generator
Keysight Digital Milti-meter (34401A – 6.5)
Keysight U8030A Series Triple Output DC Power Supply
Procedure
Part A
1. Determine the gain that will be used for the experiment adding the last digit of each group
members ID number together and dividing it by 2. The numbers 7 and 3 gave a gain of 5
that will be used for the entire experiment.
2. Create the chosen Op-Amp design shown in Figure 3. (Inverting) and Create it on Pspice.
3. Using the resistor values (R1= 2,000 ohms, R2=10,000 ohms) in order for the gain to be equal
to 5.
4. When designing the Op-Amp use the 741CN chip and be sure that every connection is
accurate to the Inverting Op-amp design shown in Figure 1.
5. Use a sine wave as the input, set the frequency to to 1.0kHz and the amplitude (Vpp) to 5.
6. Set the input Dc power terminals to +12 and -12 Volts.
7. Set a probe on the input and on the output of the design in order to check the gain.
8. Run the Simulation on Spice to make sure that the desired gain of 5 is shown and that the
model is running properly.
Part B
1. Using the same circuit and Op-Amp that was created in Pspice for Part A, build it onto a
breadboard Using the same resistor values of ( R1= 2,000 and R2=10,000 ohms).
2. Use the 741CN diagram shown in Figure 5 to properly build the Op-Amp.
6
3. Connect the Proper Dc supplies using the Keysight U8030A Series Triple Output DC Power
Supply using 12 Volts to power the Op-Amp
4. Compensate the Probes for the Oscilloscope before connecting them to the circuit
5. Connect the Oscilloscope in order to see if the Circuit is operating properly. Save the image
of the output signal displayed on the oscilloscope in order to compare it to the output
signal that was recored in Part A on Pspice.
6. Use a sine wave as the input and increase the amplitude until distortion occurs on the
oscilloscope and record why this happens.
7. Set the sin Wave back to its original value and now adjust the Dc power supply from 6-15
Volts and record at what voltages you see distortion and why this happens.
8. Set the Dc power back to the original 12 Volts and use a sine wave as the input with a
frequency of 1.0kHz and increase the frequency until distortion occurs on the
oscilloscope and record why this happens.
9. Turn off all equipment that was used and disconnect it from the circuit.
Figure 3. Part B – Op-Amp Diagram (741CN)
7
Conclusion
Results Discussion – Part A
For Part A of the experiment we used Pspice simulation to create an Inverting Amplifier
with a gain of 5. In order for the gain to be 5 we had to choose the proper resistor values so that
when plugged into the formula for an Inverting Amplifier (-R2/R1) it would equal to 5. For our
resistor values we set R1= 2,000 ohms and R2=10,000 ohms. After designing the amplifier on
Pspice we went back and added a probe to the input and a probe to the output so that we could
run a simulations and check out Vout and Vin values. As seen in Image 2 our output Vo=10 and
our input Vin=2 and using the formula for gain (Vo/Vi) we can confirm that the gain is 5 and
therefor our resistor values were correct.
Image 1. Part A – Inverting Amplifier
8
Image 2. Part A – Inverting Amplifier Signal
9
Results Discussion – Part B
For part B it seemed as if we designed the inverting amplifier properly since our signals
that we took from the oscilloscope seem to match up the the simulation we ran on P-Spice.
When we starting adjusting the inputs of the amplifier we observed that as we increased the
amplitude of the signal from the Function Generator at a Vpp=6 we started to get some distortion
in our signal on the oscilloscope, which is due to the design of the Op-Amp. Op-Amps have
voltage gain limitations and when you exceed the limit for the Op-Amp it will start to distort the
signal. As for when when we set the Dc power supply in the range from 6-15 Volts we actually
didnt see any distortion in the signal until we reached about 15 volts which is due to the OpAmp trying to function on too much power and causing an over load. We also noticed that as we
increased the input sin frequency we started to see distortion once we approached 30kHz which
is due to the fact that the signal is too fast for the oscilloscope to measure properly.
Final Conclusion
In this experiment, We learned how to properly use the functions and operations of Spice
and how to run a simulation in order to check our data. Throughout the Experiment appropriate
circuit design was used along with the equipment provided to show the effects of different types
of input signals on Op-Amps. During the experiment we did run into a few problems when
setting up the Op-Amp onto the Breadboard and connecting it. We quickly discovered that we
had placed it upside down so we had the inputs and outputs connected to the wrong ports but
10
quickly fixed the problem and luckily it didnt destroy our Op-Amp since we were still able to
get the gain we were looking for when we tested it using the oscilloscope.
Bibliography
References
1. Keysight InfiniiVision 3000 X-series Oscilloscopes Users Guide, Keystone
Technologies, 2005-2017.
2. Keysight 34401A 6.5 Digit Multimeter Users Guide, Keystone Technologies, 1991-2014.
3. AFG3000 and AFG3000C Series Arbitrary Function Generators User Manual,
Tektronix.
List of Figures
Figure 1. Inverting Op-Amp
4
Figure 2. Non Inverting Op-Amp
4
Figure 3. Op-Amp Diagram (741CN)
4
List of Images
Image 1 Part.A – Inverting Amp (Pspice)
9
Image 2 Part.A – Inverting Amp Signal (Pspice)
9
Image 3 Part.B -Oscilloscope
9
Image 4 Part.B -Oscilloscope
9
Image 5 Part.B -Oscilloscope
9
11
Image 3. Part B – Oscilloscope
Image 4. Part B – Oscilloscope
Image 5. Part B – Oscilloscope
12
Experiment 3
Amplifier Simulation and Design
1
Table of Contents:
Introduction
3
Objective
3
Experiment Description
3
Background
4
Preparation
4
Pre-Lab
5
Equipment
6
Procedure
7
Part A
7
Part B
7
Conclusion
9
Results Discussion – Part A
9
Results Discussion – Part B
11
Final Conclusion
11
Bibliography
12
References
12
List of Figures
12
List of Images
13
2
Introduction
Objective
In this experiment students will be able to understand op-amps and how they are effected
by different frequency and voltage inputs. Students will also learn about the 2-different types of
op-amps, Inverting and Non inverting which can be seen in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The Keysight
U8030A Triple Output DC power supply, the Tektronix AFG 3022C Function Generator, and
the Agilent DSO-X 3024A Oscilloscope will all be used in order to power up the op-amps, and
to see the output signal that is produced.
Experiment Description
The experiment will have two parts to be completed, part A and part B. For part A students
will build a non inverting op-amp or an inverting op-amp with the use of P-spice, which can be
seen in Image 1. The resistors values that were used were based upon the desired gain output that
is calculated using the students U#s on there student I.Ds. For part B the students will take the
design that was simulated through P-spice and build it on a breadboard. Students will then run
tests on the Op-Amp that was built in order to see if it has the same response as the identical opamp that was simulated on Pspice. After it is confirmed that it is operating correctly
3
students will then test multiple responses that can be produced through a variety of different
inputs.
Background
Preparation
The main focus of this experiment is the understanding of operational amplifiers. Op-Amps
are integrated circuits which are made using transistors, resistors and capacitors. The number of
each of these components can very based upon the type of Op-Amp that is being used. Op-Amps
are typically used as a voltage amplifier which has 2 inputs and a single output. The input
terminals of the op-amp consists of two terminals, one is negative and ones is positive. If the
input signal is connected to the negative terminal then it is operating as an Inverting Op-Amp
and if it is connected to the positive terminal than it is operating an a Non-Inverting Op-Amp.
Each type of amplifier also contains two additional terminals which are used as Dc power
supplies when connected to an external power source so that that the op amp can be functional
within the circuit.
Pre-Lab
For this lab there are two Op-Amps which can be chosen from shown below in Figure 1
and Figure 2, which ever design is chosen will be used for both Part A and Part B of the lab
Procedure. Before the lab, students were required to derive the expressions for both types, the
Inverting and the Non inverting amplifiers. Students were also required to watch the provided
videos on how the op-amp can be designed on the P-spice program. It is very important to have
practice in P-spice prior to the experiment so that Part A of the lab procedure can be completed.
4
The students were also provided with a video on how to build the op-amps on a breadboard and
the importance of connecting the input power sources correctly so that the 741CN Op Amp isnt
destroyed due to a connection error.
Figure 1. Inverting Amplifier.
Figure 2. Non Inverting Amplifier
Equipment
…
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