Emerson College Different Meanings of The Term Globalization Powerpoint A summary of the required reading, including the main points and key concepts (1 pa

Emerson College Different Meanings of The Term Globalization Powerpoint A summary of the required reading, including the main points and key concepts (1 paragraph)A link to the media piece AND a summary of the media piece (1 paragraph)An explanation as to how the reading and the media piece relate to one another (1 paragraph)One question for the class to discuss on the discussion board General Introduction
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th e c o n n e c tio n s a s w e ll. ” G lo b a liz a tio n ” c a p tu r e s t h a t
p r o c e s s . O f c o u r s e , n e w c o n n e c t io n s e n t a i l n e w r i s k s , a s
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m a n y p e o p le , w h e n th e tro u b le s o f A m e ric a n s u n a b le to p a y
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c o n n e c tio n s in m o re in tric a te w a y s . F o r a ll th e fa u lt
lin e s it s till d i s p l a y s , a n e w g lo b a l s o c i e t y , n o t ju s t a
w o r ld e c o n o m y , h a s b e e n g ro w in g a ll a ro u n d u s . H o w to
g u id e its g ro w th , h o w to m a k e it w o rk
f o r m o s t, a n d h o w to u n d e rs ta n d t h e p r o c e s s a r e k e y
c h a lle n g e s o f th e y e a rs to c o m e . A s a w a y to h e lp m e e t
th o se c h a l l e n g e s t h e s e l e c t i o n s c o m p l i e d i n t h e R e a d e r a i m
to describe and explain the co urse of
g lo b a liz a tio n a n d th e s h a p e o f its o u tc o m e s .
The Globalization Reader, Fifth Edition. Edited by Frank J. Lechner and John Boll.
Editorial material and o r g a n isa tio n © 2015 John Wiley & Sons,
Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
( What does globalization involve? Globalization refers to the processes by which more
people across large distances become connected in more and different ways. They can
become connected very simply by doing or experiencing the same sort of thing. For
example, Japanese cuisine “globalizes” when more people on different continents
enjoy the taste of sushi. Since the nineteenth century soccer has become globalized
as players and fans in many countries took an interest in the game. Though many
people lack access to good medicine, parents the world over routinely decide to
immunize their children against major diseases. These are instances of diffusion:
ways of thinking, acting, or feeling spread widely. Such diffusion increased greatly in
recent decades as the infrastructure for communication and transportation improved
dramatically, connecting groups, institutions, and countries in new ways. The spread
of sushi involved not just a shared consumer experience; it also made many American
fishermen dependent on a Japanese market as tuna caught off the US coast is sold and
shipped overseas. In soccer, the professional prospects of great players from South
America depend on the demand from European teams. The health of many children
depends on breakthroughs in distant laboratories and an intricate global system for
dispensing medication; at the same time, the movement of people around the globe
also exposes people to new health risks. For good and^ill, such links make more people more interdependent. These links are molded into new organizational forms as
regional institutions go global or new ones take shape on the world stage. For
example, international law governs who can fish in coastal waters, and the World
Trade Organization handles disputes between members, including the United States
and Japan. FIFA is an international nongovernmental organization that sets the rules
of soccer and organizes major tournaments such as the World Cup. The World
Health Organization, as well as more informal networks of professionals and volunteers, organizes campaigns to address major health threats.
Such institutions, which have emerged in many areas of human activity, reflect
increasingly common knowledge and awareness. Eating sushi, watching the World
Cup, and getting a hepatitis B shot involve elements of world culture – the meaning
of sushi, the application of the offside rule, or the reason for immunization are known
to consumers, fans, and patients regardless of their location. Even if they do not
know the larger structures, their everyday life is nevertheless embedded in a world
culture that transcends their village, town, or country, and that becomes part of
individual and collective identities. As people become more intricately connected to
many others across large distances – not all people to the same extent, of course – the
world is becoming a “single place.” Globalization thus involves growing diffusion,
expanding interdependence, more transnational institutions, and an emerging world
culture and consciousness – all aspects of the connectedness at the heart of globalization, all elements of the world society globalization is creating.
Is globalization new? Many scholars point to sixteenth-century Europe as the original
source of globalization. After all, the Europeans established worldwide trade connections on their own terms, brought their culture to different regions by settling vast
areas, and defined the ways in which different peoples were to interact with each
other. Economically and culturally, the modern world system already existed nearly
five centuries ago. Others point to the late nineteenth century as ^period of intense
globalization, when millions migrated, trade greatly expanded, and new norms and
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organizations came to govern international conduct. At the beginning of the twentieth century, such scholars would stress, the movement of people, goods, and finance
across national borders was at least as free and significant as it is today.
We agree that globalization has been happening for a long time, a point illustrated
in a selection in Part III. We also agree that specific features of world society have
their roots in earlier periods. We add, however, that the second half of the twentieth
century was a significant period of globalization in its own right. World War II gave
globalization a new impetus. Obscured by Cold War divisions, the transformation of
world society m the past six decades – in terms of linkages, institutions, and culture
and consciousness – was nevertheless profound. This Reader includes selections from
scholars skeptical of this claim, but it also illustrates by many examples that globalization has entered a new phase.
Is globalization driven by the expanding market? The pursuit of economic opportunity
has long sent merchants around the globe, and powerful states have supported their
profit-seeking activities. Capitalism knows no bounds, as Marx noted more than a
century ago Marx expected the European economy to become a truly global system,
and in many ways it has. In recent years, the integration of financial markets has
added a new kind of interdependence. To us, this does not mean that globalization is
first and foremost an economic project. While an economic system operating along
capitalist lines now encompasses most regions of the world, and economic motives
always have been important in creating global linkages, globalization takes place in
many spheres for many reasons. The economy may be a driving force in creating
global change in some periods, but its effects depend on what happens outside of
world markets To understand the world economy, then, one also needs to understand world society. Accordingly, this Reader presents a comprehensive picture of
globalization, covering economic, political, cultural, and experiential dimensions.
Does globalization make the world more homogeneous? This question would seem to
answer itself If certain activities or institutions become global, they must displace
existing, locally variable activities and institutions. If there are more global linkages,
global institutions, and global values, presumably this means that more people will
have more in common. To many critics of globalization, this seemingly neutral
description is nefarious. Globalization is the work of the West, they argue. Markets
set Western rules for economic activity; one kind of Western state has taken hold
around the world; by controlling information flows, Western media companies shape
global consciousness; the popular culture of “McWorld” is of mostly Western origin.
Globalization thus entails cultural imperialism.
We agree that some things become more similar around the world as globalization
proceeds There is only one World Trade Organization and it enforces one set of
trade rules, there is only one kind of bureaucratic state that societies can legitimately
adopt. But we do not think this leads to a homogeneous world, for three reasons.
First, general rules and models are interpreted in light of local circumstances. Thus,
regions respond to similar economic constraints in different ways; countries still have
great leeway in structuring their own policies; the same television program means
different things to different audiences; McDonald’s adapts its menu and marketing
to local tastes. Second, growing similarity provokes reactions. Advocates for many
cultures seek to protect their heritage or assert their identity. Witness the efforts of
fundamentalists to reinstate what they consider orthodoxy, the actions of indigenous
peoples to claim their right to cultural survival, and the attempt of Asian leaders to
put forth a distinctive Asian model of human rights. Third, cultural and political
differences have themselves become globally valid. The notion that people and countries are entitled to their particularity or distinctiveness is itself part of global culture.
The tension between homogeneity and heterogeneity is integral to globalization, and
this Reader illustrates it in several ways.
Does globalization determine local events? In recent years, Afghan girls returned to
school after the United States defeated the Taliban regime; a war crimes tribunal in
The Hague handed down convictions for atrocities committed during the war in
Bosnia; African countries struggled to achieve progress as parts of their educated
classes succumbed to AIDS; and melting glaciers raised concern about the impact of
global warming. Around the world, local events bear the imprint of global processes.
It would be easy to infer that local autonomy and local tradition must fall by the
wayside, but globalization is not a one-way street. To be sure, local and global events
become more and more intertwined, as illustrated by the way a global “war on terror’’
enhances the educational opportunities of some Muslim women, by the role of
global institutions in dealing with the aftermath of major regional conflicts, by the
domestic reverberations of a global epidemic, and by the way global climate change
alters the habitat of specific groups. But the local feeds into the global as well. Both
their own desires and the Taliban’s failures helped to change the fortunes of Afghan
women; the Bosnian war provoked the innovative establishment of a war crimes tribunal to vindicate global principles; domestic hesitations and constraints contribute
to the spread of HIV/AIDS in many countries; global warming results from the
release of greenhouse gases in specific manufacturing centers and high-consumption
countries. Yet, even if globalization does not necessarily “determine” local events,
there is no escaping it. As world society integrates, individuals become conscious of
being enveloped in global networks, subject to global forces, governed by global
rules. Some of our selections concretely illustrate this local-global connection.
Is globalization harmful? Implicit in the questions we have raised is a widespread
sense that globalization may be harmful to the well-being of individuals, countries,
and cultures. If the market is the driving force in globalization, many fear, it is bound
to exacerbate inequality by creating winners and losers. If globalization makes the
world more homogeneous, others fear, many cultures are in trouble. Loss of local
autonomy may mean that more people will be vulnerable to economic swings, environmental degradation, and epidemics. For these and other reasons, globalization has
become an extremely contentious process. Indeed, the debate about the merits and
direction of globalization is itself an important component of global culture. As we
already indicated above, we are skeptical of the most sweeping critiques of globalization. But our purpose in this Reader is not to offer definitive judgments; the subject is
too complex for a clear-cut assessment in any case. Rather, we present a variety of
perspectives that convey the thrust of actual debates and ongoing research so that
readers can understand the varied consequences of globalization and make their own
informed judgments.
What does globalization mean? Activists use the term in denouncing global injustice.
Politicians invoke it to explain the problems they face. Academics employ it to
descube important trends. Even within these various groups, people disagree. As
mentioned, globalization has different meanings for different groups. Not surprisingly, this often provokes complaints that the concept is too fuzzy. However, we
detect w o common meanings. The simple definition we gave above captures one of
these globalization is the set of processes by which more people become connected
m more and different ways across ever-greater distances. A more academic version of
this idea is to equate globalization with “deterritorialization,” the process through
which the constraints of physical space lose their hold on social relations. This is a
generic definition since it captures a wide variety of possible relations. When viewers
m India enjoy reality shows that originate in Europe, or when Americans buy baby
products made in China, or when Iran plays against Angola in the World Cup, these
are all mstances of generic globalization. Used in this way, the concept is analytically
clear and applicable in many contexts. It does not favor a particular theory or call for
a particular judgment.
A second kind of definition is more specific. It identifies globalization with the
process by which capitalism expands across the globe as powerful economic actors
seek profit m global markets and impose their rules everywhere, a process often
labeled “neoliberalism” (as illustrated in a selection in Part II). Though sometimes
invoked by defenders of globalization, this is a critical definition that usually serves to
challenge the process it tries to capture. Through this lens, generic globalization
looks a little different: the export of TV show formats as cultural commodities is
driven by media producers in core markets, Chinese workers making baby products
are exploited as nodes in a global commodity chain, and the World Cup has turned
into a marketing event for multinational shoe companies and an audition for players
seeking professional advancement. This lens filters out much of what the generic
view includes but also sharpens the focus, in a way that especially suits contemporary
critics of capitalist market society.
The Globalization Reader aims to convey the complexity, importance, and contentiousness of globalization. This is an exciting time in social science scholarship, as
many creative minds try to discern the outlines of a new era. The Reader includes
some of their best work. But making sense of globalization is not just a task for
scholars and students. It is a public concern. We hope this Reader will assist a diverse
audience m understanding the patterns and problems of globalization, which is likely
to remain a dominant concern of the twenty-first century.
Note on Selections
1
Footnotes, citations, and sources of quoted passages have been excised. Omitted text is
indicated by “[• .. ]”.

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