Medicine and Health Assignment | Custom Essay Services

his exam is open book, open notes, open Internet, but you must work independently; The exam must be completed and submitted on or before the Instructor’s assigned due date/time; Thoroughly answer each question, including any and all subparts, be concise, accurate, and specific, properly cite your source(s) (e.g. “Text, p. X”), and provide responsive and relevant examples when required; Do not forget the Extra Credit question; Conduct an effective final editing review prior to submission, including a check for spelling, clarity, and grammatical errors; Submit your exam as a Word document using the format “Last Name_ENVH 470_Spring 2020_Final Exam”; and Contact the instructor immediately with any questions or difficulties.

Log into  BOOK: Health care ethics and the law

https://www2.jblearning.com/my-account/dashboard/products

 

Log in:

 

Katoasha.smith@gmail.com

(password) Dunkindonuts1984

 

 

So far I only answered #1

 

 

 

 

Directions:

 

 

 

 

 

This exam is open book, open notes, open Internet, but you must work independently;

The exam must be completed and submitted on or before the Instructor’s assigned due date/time;

Thoroughly answer each question, including any and all subparts, be concise, accurate, and specific, properly cite your source(s) (e.g. “Text, p. X”), and provide responsive and relevant examples when required;

Do not forget the Extra Credit question;

Conduct an effective final editing review prior to submission, including a check for spelling, clarity, and grammatical errors;

Submit your exam as a Word document using the format “Last Name_ENVH 470_Spring 2020_Final Exam”; and

Contact the instructor immediately with any questions or difficulties.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PART I 

 

[Ten questions at 6 points each for a total of 60 points]

 

To “think ethically” requires the practitioner to develop and follow a process for ethical decision-making based on agreed-upon ethical principles and values and the practical use of recognized and proven decision-making models to facilitate decisions about what right and ethical thing should be done.  This, in turn, requires the learner to understand and evaluate those principles, values, and decision-making models.

 

1. List fully the 8-step process the text provides for ethical decision-making.

• Recognize the ethical issues
• Gather all relevant facts
• Put all decision-making models on the table
• Evaluate why the different models are a valid way to decide whether an action or situation is ethical or unethical from various perspectives.
• Apply the appropriate models
• Make decisions based on the models
• Monitor the results of those decisions
• Repeat the process again as changes occur

 

2. List and briefly describe the 10 Universal Values in Ethical Decision-Making used to govern and guide decisions when ethical dilemmas are reviewed to help health care providers apply ethical principles to their actions. Provide a health care example for each.

 

3. Provide a concise, complete, and accurate description of the Rights Model of ethical decision-making (“The Rights Model is an ethical decision-making model that asserts a decision or action is ethical if . . .”). What are moral rights? What are Legal rights?  What is its 5-step framework?  Why is this model a valid way to decide whether an action or situation is ethical or unethical?

 

4. What is the philosophy of utilitarianism? Provide a concise, complete, and accurate description of the Utility Model of ethical decision-making (“The Utility Model is an ethical decision-making model that asserts a decision or action is ethical if . . .” ).  In other words, under this decision-making model what determines whether an action or proposed action or consequence is ethical or unethical?  What is its 6-step process/framework?  Why is this model a valid way to decide whether an action or situation is ethical or unethical?

 

5. Provide a concise, complete, and accurate description of the Exceptions Model of ethical decision-making (“The Exceptions Model is an ethical decision-making model that asserts a decision or action may be ethical if . . .” ). What model is often used before this model and why?  What important question does it ask?  What is its 5-step process/framework?  What are some of its strengths and limitations?  Why is this model a valid way to decide whether an action or situation is ethical or unethical?

 

6. Provide a concise, complete, and accurate description of the Choices Model of ethical decision-making (“The Choices Model is an ethical decision-making model that asserts a decision or action is ethical if . . .”). What does it focus on (what is expected)?  What are “negative moral rights”?  Provide a health care example.  What are “positive moral rights”?  Provide a health care example.  Under this model, how should conflicts between moral and legal rights be resolved?  What is its 4-step process/framework?  Why is this model a valid way to decide whether an action or situation is ethical or unethical?

 

7. Provide a concise, complete, and accurate description of the Common Good Model of ethical decision-making (“The Common Good Model is an ethical decision-making model that asserts a decision or action is ethical if . . .” ). What does it focus on (what is expected)?  How does it differ from the Utility Model?  Provide a health care example that illustrates this difference.  What is its 6-step process/framework?  Why is this model a valid way to decide whether an action or situation is ethical or unethical?

 

8. Provide a concise, complete, and accurate description of the Social Media Model of ethical decision-making (“The Social Media Model is an ethical decision-making model that asserts a decision or action is ethical if . . .” ). What is it also known as?  What main question does it ask?  What is its 3-step process/framework?  Why is this model a valid way to decide whether an action or situation is ethical or unethical?

 

9. Provide a concise, complete, and accurate description of the Virtue Model of ethical decision-making (“The Virtue Model is an ethical decision-making model that asserts a decision or action is ethical if . . .”). What are the 10 virtues of health care professionals?  How does it differ from the other ethical-decision-making models addressed in this course?  Provide a health care example that illustrates this difference.  What is its 5-step process/framework?  Why is this model a valid way to decide whether an action or situation is ethical or unethical?

 

10. Provide a concise, complete, and accurate description of the Justice Model of ethical decision-making (“The Justice Model is an ethical decision-making model that asserts a decision or action is ethical if . . .” ). What is the difference between “justice” and “fairness”?  What is the focus of this model (what is expected)?  What are some of its strengths and limitations?  What is its 5-step process/framework?  Why is this model a valid way to decide whether an action or situation is ethical or unethical?

 

 

 

 

PART II

 

[Four questions at 10 points each for a total of 40 points]

 

Successfully recognizing, applying, assessing, and balancing the various ethical decision-making models addressed in this course as knowledge to real-world health care ethical dilemmas is a critical part of a health care professional’s practical management, analytic, and practice skills.

 

A Health Care News article identified the following top ethical issues in health care:

 

1. Balancing health care quality and safety with efficiency
2. Improving access to care
3. Addressing end-of-life issues
4. Allocating limited medications and donor organs[1]

 

Balancing health care quality and safety with efficiency

 

“Many of the challenges facing the healthcare system in the future will be related to the overall challenge of balancing quality and safety with efficiency . . .”[2]  This, in turn, “raises a real question about whether the right values are driving our focus in our healthcare system . . .” and whether “should efficiency be the driver?”[3]

 

Question 11.  What model(s) of ethical decision-making discussed in this course would be applicable or helpful to a health care organization in its challenge to properly balance the delivery of quality and safe health care services with the efficiencies required to remain a business?  In other words, what model(s) of ethical decision-making should a healthcare organization or provide use (and why) to determine whether the “right values” are driving its organizational health care focus?  List all applicable models, analyze the issue/problem using the applicable model steps/framework(s), and thoroughly, concisely, and clearly explain why the model(s) provide(s) a valid way for a health care organization or provider to determine whether its actions or inactions are ethical or unethical.  Provide a healthcare example for each model discussed.

 

Improving access to care

 

Considered by some to be a hallmark of a civilized society and our country’s biggest ethical issue, and in light of recent Congressional legislative changes and reviewing federal court decisions, the ongoing issue of providing everyone with access to basic medical care both currently and in the future remains an unresolved concern to some.

 

Question 12.  What model(s) of ethical decision-making discussed in this course would be applicable or helpful to determining whether society’s laws and practices concerning an individual’s access to basic medical care are ethical or ethical?  In other words, what model(s) of ethical decision-making should our society and its health care organizations and providers be using (and why) to determine whether the “right values” are driving the provision of basic health care for everyone?  List all applicable models, analyze the issue/problem using the applicable model steps/framework(s), and thoroughly, concisely, and clearly explain why the model(s) provide(s) a valid way for a health care organization or provider to determine whether its actions or inactions are ethical or unethical.  Provide a healthcare example for each model discussed.

 

Addressing end-of-life issues

 

It’s the classic good news; bad news scenario.  The good news is advances in science, nutrition, and health care in the 21^st Century has resulted in great leaps in average life expectancy with people living into their 90s.  The bad news is as the population continues to age, there will be a concurrent increase in health care end-of-life ethical dilemmas including the entire decision-making process and the financing that pays for end-of-life care. 

 

Question 13.  What model(s) of ethical decision-making discussed in this course would be applicable or helpful to considering end-of-life ethical issues to determine whether society’s laws and practices concerning the patient autonomy in making health care decisions are ethical or ethical, including the right-to-die and the proper apportionment of health care costs?  List all applicable models, analyze the issue/problem using the applicable model steps/framework(s), and thoroughly, concisely, and clearly explain why the model(s) provide(s) a valid way for a health care organization or provider to determine whether its actions or inactions are ethical or unethical.  Provide a healthcare example addressing the right-to-die and medical cost burdens for each model discussed.

 

Allocating limited medications and donor organs

 

The health care ethical issue is whether there will be sufficient critical medications and donor organs available in the future to meet everyone’s needs and, if not, what can be done about it?  In some ways, it is the simple economics of supply and demand.  Medications are consumer products subject to shortages when, due to market forces, there is not enough economic incentive for manufacturers (especially for generics because there is not much profit in making them).  Organs are different.  In the U.S. it is illegal to buy or sell body parts.  Organ recipients must rely solely on the beneficence of donors and event then there are just not enough livers or deceased donor organs to meet current medical needs in this country.

 

Question 14.  What model(s) of ethical decision-making discussed in this course would be applicable or helpful to address the current medication and organ shortages to determine whether society’s current and future laws, practices, and market incentives are ethical or unethical?  List all applicable models, analyze the issue/problem using the applicable model steps/framework(s), and thoroughly, concisely, and clearly explain why the model(s) provide(s) a valid way for a health care organization or provider to determine whether its actions or inactions are ethical or unethical.  Provide a healthcare example addressing medication and organ availability for each model discussed.

 

 

 

 

 

 

[1] Health Care News, Five Top Ethical Issues in Healthcare, by Jennifer Larson, contributor,  https://www.amnhealthcare.com/latest-healthcare-news/five-top-ethical-issues-healthcare/

[2] Id.

[3] Id.