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D1/11: Male Birthing?
Scientists indicate that the technology now exists to enable men to give birth. Male pregnancy would involve fertilizing a donated egg with sperm outside the body. The embryo would then be implanted into the bowel area, where it could attach itself to a major organ, such as a kidney or the wall of the large intestine.

In addition, to achieve pregnancy, men would have to receive hormone treatments or stimulate changes that occur naturally in women during pregnancy. Because the embryo creates the placenta, the embryo theoretically would receive sufficient nourishment. The baby would be delivered by cesarean section.

Any attempt at male pregnancy would carry risks for both the man and the embryo. The “Mr. Mom” technology is depicted in the 1994 movie Junior,in which actor Arnold Schwarzenegger portrays a researcher who becomes pregnant and gives birth to a baby boy.

Of course, this raises the questions, would men use this reproductive technology, and if so, should they?

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INFORMATION FROM THE PROFESSOR BELOW!!!

CH 12 OUTLINE
Family Forms and Changes

Our choice of a romantic or life partner doesn’t depend solely on our attraction to someone, how well we get along with him or her, or our shared life goals. Whether we realize it or not, there are also legal and cultural factors that affect our choice.
Bronislaw Malinowski and Talcott Parsons both argued that the family was a functional necessity in modern society because it fulfilled society’s need for productive workers (fathers) and child rearers (women).
A nuclear family or traditional family is a family consisting of a father and mother and their biological children. Extended family refers to familial networks that extend beyond the nuclear family and may extend beyond the home.
There is no real “typical” family in Western society today. Multiple generations can live together; families can consist of step-siblings and half-siblings; there are single-parent families; and individuals and couples can choose not to get married or not to have children.
Keeping It in the Family: The Historical Divide between Public and Private

The preindustrial family functioned like a miniature economy. Everyone worked to produce the food, clothes, and other items the family needed to survive, and this work took place in or right around the home.
Preindustrial families tended to depend heavily on kinship networks, which are strings of relationships between people related by blood and marriage. These networks weakened as families became more mobile.
The Industrial Revolution created a division between work and home, with men being associated with the public world of wage-earning work and women relegated to the private world of managing a household and raising children, work for which they were not paid.
The traditional nuclear family is not a timeless and universal concept, but one that developed in response to conditions in a specific time and place—the post–World War II economic boom in the United States.
Family and Work: A Not-So-Subtle Revolution

Factors that have brought about significant changes in the organization of work and family life since the 1970s include increasing divorce rates, decreasing marriage and fertility rates, and the increased participation of women in the workforce.
There have been numerous studies on the effects on children of having a mother who works, and the findings have varied enormously. A new way to approach the topic is to ask how having a working mother affects children within the same family differently.
A Feminist “Rethinking” of the Family

Feminist theorists have shown how gender roles are learned in the family and how the family can be a battleground for power over decisions about household chores, where to live, raising children, spending money, and much more.
The Chore Wars: Supermom Battles the Laundry

Even though many women who are married or live with a male partner work outside the home, they usually take on a disproportionate share of domestic duties. This inequality plays out in terms of the time women spend on household tasks, the types of tasks they take on, and in the way the tasks or work are perceived.
Women are more likely than men to think about divorce and to have very specific reasons for why they want to divorce, yet women may stay in an unhappy marriage longer than men because divorce often puts women in a more precarious financial position.
Studies show that a more equal distribution between men and women of the responsibility for domestic chores makes for happier and more stable marriages.
Swimming and Sinking: Inequality and American Families

African American women have often taken a leading role in providing for their families. In the 1960s some social scientists presented this as a negative, arguing that this strong role for women undercut the role of the father in black families and ultimately led to a host of social problems.
W. E. B. DuBois argued that the high rate of female-headed families in the African American community was a result of racial oppression and poverty, not a cause of it. William Julius Wilson has shown that there is an outright shortage of employed, un-incarcerated black men with whom black women could hope to form a stable family unit, thus leaving them with little choice in terms of taking responsibility for their families.
African American communities tend to have expanded notions of kinship, which is perhaps rooted in the slave experience, in which biological families were often separated and people formed family bonds with nonblood relatives.
It is difficult to speak of one Latino community in the United States as Latinos come from many different countries and cultural backgrounds, but some characteristics can be identified as common to Latino families, including strong family and community ties, adherence to traditional gender roles, devout Catholicism, high marriage rates, and low divorce rates.
Single, working mothers face many challenges, among them the attitude of welfare critics who think that they prefer being on welfare to working. Most women would prefer not to be on welfare, but the system is such that often they end up with less income and fewer benefits when they move from welfare to work.
The Pecking Order: Inequality Starts at Home

The size of a family and its resources can affect how parents relate to each of their children and can create inequalities among siblings. Birth order and “natural” abilities also play a role, but the bottom line is that in the home, a status hierarchy often fosters inequality.
The Future of Families, and There Goes the Nation!

Divorce is a constant in our society, and debates will continue about its effects on children. The only certainty may be that high levels of parental conflict—whether between married or divorced parents—are not good for children.
Families today come in many forms—blended families with step- or half-siblings, families headed by same-sex partners, interracial families, intergenerational families. So perhaps the optimal description of the “ideal” family is one that best serves the needs of all its members.