Oklahoma Christian University Design Engineering Disciplines Discussion In chapter 3, we discuss design engineering disciplines. Choose one discipline and

Oklahoma Christian University Design Engineering Disciplines Discussion In chapter 3, we discuss design engineering disciplines. Choose one discipline and provide examples of the work produced by this team. Your discussion needs to include the problems associated with the different perspectives of various system engineering disciplines recognizing the overall mission requirement. Siloed thinking is a very big player here as we all see things from our own worldview.Your response must be 250 words in length and is due by day three of week two (see the syllabus). Provide citation for any material used. Systems Engineering
Management
Instructor: Professor Geoffrey Rodman
Agenda:
Scripture of the Module
Assignments
Chapter 3: System Design Requirements
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Scripture of the Module
“Suppose one of you wants to build a tower.
Will he not first sit down and estimate the cost
to see if he has enough money to complete it?”
– Luke 14:28
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Assignment of the Module
• Read System Engineering Management (4th
Edition), Chapter 3 (pp 123-216).
• Do the Questions and Study Guide on
Blackboard.
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Chapter 3: System Design
Requirements
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
The System Engineering Process
T0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
Tn…
Definition of Problem
System Requirements
Chapter 3
Activities:
System Design
Requirements
Feasibility Analysis
Operational
Requirements
Chapter
6 Activities:
System Engineering
Maintenance
and Support Concept
Program
Planning
ID/prioritization
of TPMs
Functional Analysis
Chapter 4
Activities:
Design Tools &
Methods
Requirements Allocation
Synthesis,Chapter
Analysis, Design
Optimization
5
Activities:
Design Integration
Design Reviews
System Test and Evaluation
Construction and/or Production
Operational Use and Life-cycle Support
Retirement and Material Disposal
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
System Design Requirements
• Development of Design Requirements
• Development of Specifications
• Integration of System Design Activities
• Selected Design Engineering Disciplines
• SOS Integration and Interoperability
• Requirements
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Development of Design
Requirements (3.1)
• “Lifetime of a Requirement”
• Gather inputs from ALL customers and stakeholders
• Be as thorough as possible
• Be as true to the inputs as possible
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
The System Engineering Process
T0
T1
T2
T3
Definition of Problem
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
Tn…
“Birth”
System Requirements
Feasibility Analysis
Operational Requirements
Maintenance and Support Concept
ID/prioritization of TPMs
Functional Analysis
Requirements Allocation
Synthesis, Analysis, Design Optimization
Built-in
Design Integration
System Test and Evaluation
Construction and/or Production
Operational Use and Life-cycle Support
“Death”
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System Design Requirements
Retirement and Material Disposal
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Development of Specifications
• QFD process is very useful
• Types of Specifications
•
•
•
•
•
“A”: System Specification
“B”: Development Specification
“C”: Product Specification
“D”: Process Specification
“E”: Material Specification
• Figures 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 are very useful
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Integration of System Design
Activities
• Design-to Requirements
• Challenge for SE and/or Management:
• What engineering expertise do we need?
• Different skill sets?
• Another challenge:
• How should design itself be divided up?
• Figure 3.5 is a good diagram
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
DFx = Design For ______
• DFx = incorporating additional design considerations beside
functionality, specifications, and performance
• Goals:
•
•
•
•
•
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Make the design more robust (Quality, reliability, and Manufacturability)
Make it more cost-effective (Manufacturable, testable, debug-able)
Ensure the design meets certification and qualification requirements
Ensure the design maximizes positive impacts
Ensure the design minimizes negative impacts
System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
The ABC’s of DFx
Common Industry Terms
• DFA → Assembly
• DFD → Debug,
Diagnosability
• DFQ → Quality
• DFM → Manufacturability
• DFT → Test, Testability
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Other Considerations
• DFE → Ergonomics,
Economics, Environment
• DFFA → Failure Analysis
• DFR → Reliability
• DFS → Safety, Sustainability
• DFV → Validation,
Verification
System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Integration and Interoperability
Requirements (3.5)
• Must deal with external interfaces
• System to other systems within SOS
• System to other systems operating independently and in the same
environment
• Integration with external systems is critical to operation of
system
• Design for Interoperability is another important
consideration
• A main objective is to eliminate any negative impacts of
interoperability
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Selected Design Engineering
Disciplines (3.4)
• Software Engineering
• Reliability Engineering
• Maintainability
Engineering
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• Human-Factors
Engineering
• Safety Engineering
• Security Engineering
System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Selected Design Engineering
Disciplines (3.4)
• Manufacturing &
Production Engineering
• Logistics Engineering
• Supportability Engineering
• Disposability Engineering
• Quality Engineering
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• Environmental Engineering
• Value/Cost Engineering
• Sustainability Engineering
• Manufacturability/Product
Engineering
System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Software Engineering
• Deals with the process of bringing software (SW)
into being
• Applying engineering principles to SW
development
• Can also apply system engineering principles to SW
development
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Software Engineering
Track record of software projects:
Data on
projects
completed
in 2006
Just over one in three projects was successful
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Software Engineering
Life-Cycle Models
• Code and Fix Model
• Waterfall Model
• Spiral Model
• Vee Model
• Rapid Prototyping
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Software Engineering
Disciplined Approach
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Commit all requirements to writing
Use systematic procedure to control additions and changes
Conduct systematic technical reviews
Develop a systematic QA Plan in early stages of the project
Create an implementation plan that defines the order or
development
6. Use automated source code control
7. Revise cost and schedule estimates at each major milestone
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Software Engineering
General Development Cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Software planning
Requirements analysis
Software design
Software coding
Software test and evaluation
Software Maintenance
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Reliability Engineering
• Reliability is defined as probability that a system or product
will perform in a satisfactory manner for a given period of
time when used under specified operating conditions.
• Reliability depends upon important elements:
• Probability factor
• Satisfactory performance
• Time
• Specified operating conditions
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Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Basic reliability function, R(t), may be stated as
R(t) = 1 – F(t) = e-λt, λ = 1/MTBF = #fails/hr
Bathtub curve describing failure rate with time; actual
numbers depends upon the system/component/equipment:
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Reliability Engineering
Reliability Program
• Reliability program plan
• Reliability modeling
• Failure mode, effect, and criticality analysis (FMECA) or FMEA
• Fault-tree analysis (FTA)
• Reliability-centered maintenance (RCM) analysis
• Failure reporting, analysis, and corrective action system
(FRACAS)
• Reliability qualification testing
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Maintainability Engineering
• Maintainability is an inherent characteristic of system
design that pertains to the ease, accuracy, safety, and
economy in the performance of maintenance actions.
• Deals with component packaging, diagnostics, part
standardization, accessibility and so on
• It is a design parameter whereas maintenance is result
of design
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Maintainability Engineering
Measures of Maintainability
• Common measure of Maintainability is the aspect of “time “
• The overall spectrum of time can be broken down into
different parameters, such as up time, down time
• Up time is elapsed time of the system in operational use.
• Down time is elapsed time when the system is not
operational.
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Maintainability Engineering
Categories of Maintenance
• Corrective maintenance and Preventive maintenance
• Total maintenance downtime (MDT) is elapsed time
required to repair and restore a system to full operational
status.
• Broken down into components:
• Active maintenance time
• Logistic delay time
• Administrative delay time
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Maintainability Engineering
Program Tasks
• Maintainability program plan
• Maintainability modeling
• Failure mode, effect, and criticality analysis (FMECA)
• Maintainability analysis
• Maintenance task analysis (MTA)
• Level-of-repair analysis (LORA)
• Maintainability demonstration
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Human Factors Engineering
Definitions
• The consideration for human elements in system design or
• the discipline of applying what is known about human
capabilities and limitations to the design of products,
processes, systems, and work environments
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Human Factors Engineering
Tasks Involved
• Human factors program plan → list tasks, task schedules and milestones, etc.
• Do it in conjunction with reliability and maintainability plans
• Functional analysis → identify functions to be performed by humans. Also
identify human-machine interface.
• Detailed operator task analysis (OTA)→ break down system level functions into
duties, tasks, etc.
• Operational sequence diagrams (OSD)→ show activities involving humanmachine interface. Fig. 3.28
• Personnel test and evaluation → verify operating/maintenance procedures.
• Must be covered in the TEMP
• Other tasks in fig. 3.26
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Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Human Factors Engineering
An Example
• User followed instructions and tried
to dispense coffee
• Coffee poured on floor because user
did not provide cup
• Proper human factors engineering →
design machine to request user to
place cup on serving platform
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System Design Requirements
Source: site www.baddesigns.com
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Safety Engineering
• Safety is a system design characteristic and it is one of the
important features in system design.
• Certain elements which are used for construction of the
system may produce harmful effects and may produce
toxic effects on humans.
• Safety needs to be considered in operation, maintenance
and the other interactions with the system
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Activities in Safety Engineering:
• System safety program plan Review
and control of suppliers and sub
contractors
• System safety program reviews
• Fault-tree analysis
• Hazard analysis
• Risk analysis
• Safety training program
• Safety test and evaluation
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System Design Requirements
Fault-tree analysis
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Security Engineering
• Security engineering is about building systems to remain
dependable in the face of malice, error, or mischance.
• In one form or another, security engineering has existed as
an informal field of study, for example lock-smiths and
security printing.
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Security Engineering
Applications
• Banks: a bookkeeping system for customers’ accounts for
day-transactions.
• Air force and military.
• Hospital: Patient record systems should not let all the staff
see every patient’s record, or risk for privacy violations.
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Manufacturing/Production
Engineering
• A key for many systems is to design for producibility or
reproducibility
• Four major objectives:
• Minimize quantity and variety of components
• Materials selection and standardization
•
•
Ease of assembly
Simplify configurations
• Important Attributes
• Flexibility
• Agility
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Logistics Engineering
A Definition
Logistics is the art and science of managing and controlling
the flow of goods, energy, information and other resources
like products, services, and people, from the source of
production to the marketplace.
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Logistics Engineering
Purpose
• The goal of logistics system should be to provide a targeted
level of customer service at the least cost.
• Major Logistics Functions:
• Order processing
• Warehousing
• Inventory management
• Transportation.
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Supportability Engineering
• Very closely related to Logistics Engineering
• Supportability Engineering deals with the aspects related to
maintenance, repair and support of systems and products
to ensure continued operation or functioning of the
system.
• A goal is to ensure that the systems are supportable in a
maintainable and cost-effective manner.
• This responsibility often has great influence on the system
infrastructure or infrastructure around the system.
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Disposability Engineering
• Disposability: As the components are phased out of the
operational inventory…
• they must be either recycled for other applications or
• disposed in some way as to preclude any degradation to the environment.
• Objective:
• An objective is to make those products, which cannot be
recycled and must be processed for disposal, out of
completely biodegradable materials so that they can be
easily decomposed at the end of their service life without
negatively impacting the environment.
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Quality Engineering
• Quality pertains to meeting or exceeding the requirements,
expectations and needs of the customer
• TQM is a management approach that addresses
system/product quality during all phases of life cycle.
• Characteristics of TQM
• Customer needs: to identify and meet customer needs.
• Continuous improvement: never-ending improvement
• Employee empowerment: Employees should be empowered to
seek out, identify, and correct quality problems.
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Quality Engineering (cont)
• Use of quality tools: Employees are trained to use of quality
tools.
• Product design: Products need to be designed to meet
customer expectations.
• Process management: Quality should be built into the
process
• Managing supplier quality: Quality concepts must extend to
a company’s suppliers.
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Environmental Engineering
• Environment refers to the surroundings influencing an object.
• Technological developments in various engineering disciplines
have resulted in side effects on environment like
•
•
•
•
•
Air pollution
Water pollution
Noise pollution
Radiation
Solid waste
• Environmental engineering is the application of science and
engineering principles to improve and handle effects on the
environment.
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Value/Cost Engineering
• Purpose
• Evaluate total cost of all activities throughout the system life cycle
• Life-cycle cost (LCC) includes all future costs associated with
all aspects of system
•
•
•
•
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R&D/Design
Production
Distribution
Operation, etc.
System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Value/Cost Engineering
Life-Cycle Cost:
The overall estimated cost for a
particular program alternative over
the time period corresponding to
the life of the program, including
direct and indirect initial costs plus
any periodic or continuing costs for
operation and maintenance.
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Value/Cost Engineering Example
Tools for the process:
ATHENA EcoCalculator for Assemblies
ATHENA Impact Estimator for
Buildings
Building for Environmental and
Economic Sustainability (BEES)
Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLCC)
ECONPACK
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Sustainability Engineering
• Traditionally engineering solved problems and created
many others ( Pollution, exhaust of natural resources,
damage to the ecosystem).
• People came to a conclusion that they were cutting a
branch off a tree they were sitting on
• Sustainability: The needs of the present generation should
be met without compromising the ability of the future
generation to meet their own needs.
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Sustainability Engineering
• Human-ecological systems integrity: Maintain the integrity of
biophysical systems
• Sufficiency and opportunity: Ensure that everyone has enough
for a decent life and that everyone has opportunities to seek
improvements in ways that do not compromise future
generations’ possibilities for sufficiency and opportunity.
• Equity: Ensure that sufficiency and effective choices for all are
pursued in ways that reduce dangerous gaps in sufficiency and
opportunity between the rich and the poor.
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Sustainability Engineering (cont)
• Efficiency and throughput reduction: Reducing threats to the
earth by avoiding waste and reducing overall material and
energy use per unit of benefit.
• Precaution: Respect uncertainty, avoid even poorly understood
risks of serious or irreversible damage to the foundations for
sustainability, design for surprise and manage for adaptation.
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Product Engineering
• Purpose
• Commercial success of the product
• Interface between production side and development side
• Some Responsibilities
• Provide a yield roadmap during ramp-up and volume production
• Identify measures for yield improvement, test optimization and
product cost reduction
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System Design Requirements
Systems Engineering Management ENGR 5223
Product Engineering (cont)
• Important Skills
• Statistical tools, analytical skills, knowledge of manufacturing
and design for manufacturability, physical analysis methods,
abilit…
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