Economic Paper Imaginary Person You will create an imaginary person (or future yourself), and youwill work as a personal financial counselor for the person

Economic Paper Imaginary Person You will create an imaginary person (or future yourself), and youwill work as a personal financial counselor for the person. The final paper will be aprofessional-quality brochure to your client. You must use tables and figures effectively to show supporting evidence (data) of your recommendations.For more details please read the files below, and keep in mind that the proposal (2 pages) due on Friday, March 1,2019. –, ~ -” -;”Z:” ‘·;;-1 “­
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Terrorism throughout
the World
This chapter applies prinCt,o/es set forth in the preceding chapters -to specific
historice! exarno!es of terrcriSi’n in the Umted States and e/sev1/here in the
Arneric2s, Europe and Russia, the A1iddie East and Asia, it Identifies the
comrnonafities, differenc8s, and trends it) terrorfsrn cross-naticnaJiy and
concludes ‘vvith a set of questions as to v’/hat rnigtit be expectec! over tile
coming decades.
A. Terrorism in the United States
Terrorism was nor a maJor issue in the United States before September 11,
2001. There had been two serious attacks IE the 19905 – the World Trade
Center iWTC) bombing of 1993 and the Oklahoma CilY bombing in 1995­
but neither had the extraordinary domestic Jl1d ;nternationa 1imp2.ct of 9111.
The 1993 WIC botnbing was serious but caused just six deaths, aad the
Oklahoma City bombing, although killing 168 people, was rhe product of
home”grown terrorists. The 9/11 attack was much deadJier than both 01 rhe
earlier anacks, it i:1volYed extensive planning and years of prepnrat~on, ::l1ld
it “vas :In attack Sy foreigners, which gave it enormous interndtionaJ signifi­
cance. crearing a vast divide between Islam and the West and stoking fires of
fear and rage on both sides. This attack revealed in a highly semational way
the vulnerability of dIe United States to serions terrorist attacks. Terrorism
suddenly become the domiI12.11t national COncern and p”blic policy prioritv.
Terrorisln of dorr:estic origin is quitE’ differt:nt ill several ways from terror­
ism produced by foreigners planning primarily from centers abroad. It differs
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Twrorism throughout the Wor,d
in natcLre, causes, consequenc(::s,
the mix of interventions appropriate for
dealing with it. Domestic terrorism falls solidly within the domain of crime,
whereas internatlonal terroriS1l1, although a crjme in most places In which
it strikes, is also a matter of
c~lling for both diploma tic pol­
icy and military interventiorlS. These two fU;Jdamen:ally dif:erent types of
terrorism a:e considered separately in 6is c112prcr. 1
1. Terrorist Groups and Acts of Domestic Origin
Terrorism in the United S:ates, as in virtuall) eve:y othe: country, is for the
most part a strictly domestic matter. It W”, noted in Chapter 3 that the
Kansas by John Brown in 1856 involved the killing of five unarmed CIfIZt’T!
eor71mi:ted, according to Brown, to fnllill God’s will, ,yith the expressed aiIT’
of striking terror in people he viewed as enemies. Since the end of the Civil
Var, the vast majority of victims of terrorism in the United States, as in
other countries, were innocents killed by fellow citizens – in the nll]CT’lGlll
case, however, mostly throngh lynchings (see the Ku Klux Klan, described
prir~larily as a domestic matter
ill Chapter 6). Tbis tradition of
cOEtinued through the last two
of the twentieth ceneury.
Federal
Bl;reau of Investigatiou, w:1ich categorizes terrorist events iind suspected
terrorists as either “domestic” or “iuternational;’ estimates that of the np·”I”
500 terrorist incidents identified in the Umted Slates from 1980 to 2001,
about two-tfnrds were home-grown (Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Domestic terrorism usually h’15 a political rather than religions or eth­
and the most basic poEtical distinction is between left wing and
right”wing extre!:lists. Brent Smith
:lukes several nseiol d’stinctions
betvvcen the tv-,.’o in tenns of ideology, cconon1ic vievs, geographic sources
of support, tactics, and the targets chosen. Lett-wing terrorists tend to
a Marxist orientation, oppose the economic statns quo, operate predomi­
nantly in urban settings and in small cells (often finding sauctuary in
houses), and often attack symbolic
of oppression. Right-wing terrorare, not surprisingly, nearly the opposite. Although tloey vary in their
to be less ideologically comrniHed than
vicvs of economic nJ.dtterS clnd
rheir left~wjng counterparts, right-wing terrorISts read to be anIl~.’YLID”S1′,
usually operate 111 rural settlugs, offen Jive in carnps or cOlnpounds, are
connected to nalionai networks of [ike-minded extremists, and hit [al’ge'”
that symbolize central government.
tend also to identify strongly with
Christlan fundamentalism.
Smith has fona d denographic differences as wea betwcc:1 left- and rightRight-wing gro”p members tend to
wing tetrorist groU;)S ;:1 the Un;ted
be about four or live years older, on
Th,m left-wing members; 1110re
predominantly male and white; 2nd much
likely to be college graduates
than members of left-wing groups.
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Terroris:n throughout the World
Lelt- Yling ExtretnisJ11 Llnd Terrorisrn.· ‘(lorking-Class Violenc.e. ~1ost peo­
ple today associ”te 2efr~wing violence in America with the extreme radical
fringe of the Vietnam prow,t era. BEt :1 legacy of ndical violence preceded
the Vietname::a extremism in the United States by nearly a century, with a
wave of labor vioJellce following the Civil War. One of the most prominent
of these events was a labor riot in Rock Snrings, Wyoming, il’ 1885, which
cnmbincd labor unrest vith raciSlTI. Tension had grown benvcen Chinese
alld European illllnigrallt workers in the Union }1acific Coal mines located
in Sweetwater County, Wyoming, dne large~y to tbe fact that tbe Chinese
miners vere unhappy about receiving lov,’er -wage rates than the Caucdsians
for doing the same wotk. The problem was exacerbated by racial and eth~
nie tension ,..- [he whires~ for cxan1ple, routjnely referred to the Chinese as
“coolies.” The tension bll rst cventr:ally into full· blown rioting and acts of
terrorism, resulting in the deaths of twenty-eight Chinese llliners, injuries to
many others, aud the burning of seventy~five bornes of the Chinese workers.
The white offenders were neither atrested nor prosecuted. Instead, cover~
age of the event, both in vyoming newspapers and that published else~
where, was mostly positive about the omcome. Soon after [he Rock Springs
InaSS;}Cre~ a vvave of sympathy riots brc;kc out against Chinese lahoreTs in
the Washington territory (now Washington State; .McLtin, 1996; S,rxton,
1971,.
The following year a working~c1ass riot erupted in downtown Chicago,
when police decided to break up what had been a peaceful rally of striking
labor activists. The Haymarket tally became the Haymarket riot when a
demonstrator hurled a bomb at the advancing police line, killing an officer.
The officer, responded by opening fire on the demonstrators. Vhen the
smoke had cleared, seven policemen ,md m least four workers were dead,
with roughly ten times as many on both sides injured IAvrich, 1.986; Green,
2007).
Lefi- Wing Extremism and Terrorism: The New Left Protest lvlovement.
Far left extremism shifted fairly shnrply thronghout the world in the late
1960s and carll’ ’70s _. from L1bor union interests of the Depres.sio~ gelt~
eration to social issues of the generations tbat followed, particularly war,
authotitarianism, and social injusricc. z..1uch of this new wave of radicalism
was centered iE the United States. At the vanguard of this movement was the
Students for a Democratic Society (5DS), created in 1962 by Tom Hayden)’
The SDS was not a primarily terrorist grot:p, as it followed the nonviolent
protest approach used effectively by civil rights leader Martin Luther King,
]r., vith the expressed alln of expanding “panicipatory democracy” in the
United States. The SDS operated under a large tent as aT! awkward alliance
of peacefulli)crals and more militant activists; it was at the forefront of the
anti war movement, which swept college campuses during the Vietnam ‘(1ar.
As the war grew ever larger and more deadlv, the SDS became increasingly
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Terrorism throughout the World
militant;> ar:d although its nOl:vi_olent enlph8sis kept it mostly out of rerror~
is: activities, its in:1uence declined as many of its most inflGential meIl1bers
abandoned the 50S to join groups with more aggressive agendas,
Perhaps the most prominent SOS splinter group was the (leather Under,
ground (or “We,lthernren”J, a group founded by ‘v1ark Rudd in 1969. As
Doted in C:’apter 3, the Weathermen set 0;; bombs in several large cities
from rhe Pacific to the Atlantic C02sts in the early 1970s, largely to express
to the Vietnam Var bur to what they regarded as an
opPoSILion not
oppressive capitalist gO’ernmerlt that rl,er ‘ Left vas the Black Pan­
d,cr Party, an African Ameticar militant group founded Gy Huey Newton
and Hobbv Seale in Oaklancl in 1966. Inspired by lblcolrn X (1992) and
Chinese Chairrnan l1ao Zedong, the Black Partthers were crf:rited out of
countcrcultllral ideas that extended well hey unci the racial and social justl(e
themes of rhe mainstream civil rights movement. T,e mack Pamhers caned
for blac~ nationali:;m aGd armed resistaDce to vhat they regarded as raclar,
soc1al, and economic opprcssjon, and they
strong disdain for the
white-dominated law enforcement estabbhmcm and rhe formal system of
justice in the Unitecl States.
The Black Panthers re;nforced their message wir:1 symbols of bravado: the
black-gloved fist, paramilitary black beret, shorgilll S’U:lg over the shoulder,
and MakoIn1 Xes notorious slogaIl, “freedoll1 by any n1cacs necess”uy.” But
their links to violence weut beyond mere syrnbols. They are reported to have
killed more than a dozen police officers (Ayton, 2(06). One of the Black
Panther leaders, Eldridge Clca ver, with a fellow Pan6er, wounded three
205
Terronsm Throughout the World
police ofi:cc:r, in d 1968 5hootout :11 Oakland. He ju’nped bail and fled to
:NIcxico Ciry and then to Cuba, Paris, and Algeria, where no wns hailed as ‘Ill
internat!onal hero. Ceave;-‘, farlOus book, Soul on lee (1967), asserts at one
poiut thm he had regarded rapes he had committed to be “insurrectionary”
acts.
The Bl”ek Panthers were jllst two years old when, in 19(,8, FBI Director
J. Edgar Hoover called the group “the greatest threat to the internal seenrity
of the country” (Swill, 1988, p. 249). The group eventually (mne apart after
a few yeats due to a combination of dose federal and local law enforcement
attention to their every I110Ve and the intern;:!} feuding among its leaders ­
)lewtOl: and Seale promoted the racially neutral Maois: slogan, “Power to
the people,” whereas Eldridge Cleaver and Stokely Carmichael promoted the
more inceudiary “Black Power” slogan. Some of its members were killed and
some went to prison, vhereas others joined radlcalunderground ll10VClnents.
lvIany of those who SlD’ivecl went on to lead peaceful black middle-class
lives.
Although ,he rUll of
Black Pamhers was pretty much over by 1970, the
group inspired hbck :ihcrd~i0n lTIOVements elsewhere. One such movement
was the Black Liberation Army IBLA), an underground organization led by
former Panther Assam Shakm Ipre~ous!y known under her given name,
JoAnne Chesi;nard).’ The BIA had two distinct components: one in San
Francisco, across the bay from the Panther’s Oakland home base~ and the
other in New York City. Both cells hit local police departments witb gunfire
and bombing attacks, and buth raised funds by robbing banks. Shaknr waS
convicted as an accE’ssory in the killing of J. New Jersey state trooper in 1
J
then escaped ‘rom prison in 1979, and Hed the United States for Cuba, where
she was gramed political2,sylum bv Fidel Castro in 1984 !K. Cleaver, 2005;
.’ibn;n, 2(06). In 2005 the FBI offered a $1 million reward for information
leading to her capture (Williams, 2005).
of the B18ck Panthers was the
Allotber gronp that rose from the
Mav 19 Commllnist Organization IlvIl9CO), named in honor 0′ the samc­
day birthdays of Malcolm X and Ho Chi Minh, the leader first of the Viet
and then of Vietn:ml. The M19CO was formed in rbe late 1970s by
former members of the Panrhers, the BLA, and the Weather L’ndergwund.
They carried forward the rn,dition oj revolutionar), viOlence of
earlier
groups, committing robheries of banks and armored vehides, bombings of
“estGlblishn1cnt’: targets., alId the freciug of’ comrades i:1 custody, including
Assata Shak.lf’s 1979 “resclIe” from a Ne,v Jersey prison dnd transport to
Cllba. In 1981 the group hied a Brinks security guard and two police officers
in the COUIse of a
in N’yack, New Y urk,
which key mernbers
Kathy Boudin and David Gilbert wcre arrested and convicted of mLlrder and
robbery. The group’s violence came to au end in 1985 with the arrest of its
last remaining mernbers (IVIarrin, 20(6).
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Terrorism throughout the World
additional African American group is notev;orthy: the El Rukn gang.
Originally a conventional Chicago street gang known as the Blackstone
Rangers, the Rllkns are significant largely for their Ivl11slim connection. The
Blackstone Rangers became
Rukns” after their leader, Jeff Fort, was influ­
enced by tbe Black M.uslim movement while imprisoned io the late J 970s.
(Fort borrowed tbe Jlame “EI Rllkns” from the cornerstone of the shrine of
Kaaba, regarded by many Muslims as Islam’s holiest shrine, in Mecca, Saudi
IHan,,,.)
and SOllle of his II Rllkn associates made contact with Libyan
op,eLAtive
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