Product Distribution Paper my product is charger One product idea we have come up with is a charger that will charge your phone to 100% but when it is ful

Product Distribution Paper my product is charger One product idea we have come up with is a charger that will charge your phone to 100%

but when it is fully charged the charger will automatically stop charging your phone, while it is

still plugged into the outlet and the phone. The purpose of this product is to protect your phone’s

battery, if a phone is consistently overcharged it can lead to the phone dying way before it

reaches 0% or the percentage dropping way faster then it should. This is different from regular

chargers on the market because regular chargers will continue charging a fully charged phone

and eventually ruining your battery. To make this product we would need to figure out a way for

the charger to know when the phone is 100% charged, so the charger will stop charging the

phone. We may need an app to help us out with that aspect but we are not selling an app we are

selling a charger.

Annotations should be an Situational Analysis paper 400 -500 words BIOL-102 2019 Fall Post-lab 2
Name:
Exercise 1 – Review the parts of the compound light microscope with your Instructor or TA and
summarize what each part does in your own words.
A.
B.
1
C.
D.
E.
2
3. Microscopy: chapter-ending questions
1. Are all microorganisms pathogenic? Defend your answer.
2. Describe the ‘ideal’ microscope.
3. Describe the difference between magnification and resolution.
4. What is the purpose of mechanical stage on a compound light microscope?
5. Why would an image be inverted when viewed through the lens?
6. To calculate the total magnification for the microorganism that you are viewing, you
would need to multiply the magnification of the ocular lens by the objective lens. Use
3
this knowledge to calculate the magnification for the letter “E” from lab. Your ocular
lens had a magnification of 10x.
Objective
Objective Lens
Total Magnification
Magnification
Scanning Power
Low Power
High Power
7. Why would it be beneficial to view the same object at different levels of magnification?
4
(summarize your microscopic observation [pictures] below; no page limit)
5
6. Cell structure and function: chapter-ending questions
1. What is a cell?
2. Would you expect a cell of a multicellular organism to be more complex than the cell of a
unicellular organism? Less complex? Why?
3. What is the purpose of using a biological stain when microscopically examining cellular
6
components?
4. How are eukaryotic cells different from prokaryotic cells? How are they similar?
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LIGHT MICROSCOPY LAB 3
Who Invented the Microscope?
Long before an actual connection could be made between microbes and diseases,
some historical figures theorized that there could be a relationship between invisible “living
creatures” and illness. This idea was suggested as far back as 98 – 55 BCE by a Roman
philosopher named Lucretius.1 Various microscopic lenses were utilized by Galileo (1564 –
1642) and later by Robert Hooke (1635 – 1703) who used a very basic microscope to sketch
plants, insects, and fungus in his famous publication Micrographia.2 Although these sketches
were intriguing, the scope was still very basic and the magnification power was still fairly weak
compared to our modern light microscopes. In other words, we may be able to see the many
features of a fly’s eye, but those “invisible creatures” remained quite elusive.
Figure 1: Robert Hooke’s microscope.
1
Joanne M. Willey, Linda M. Sherwood, and Christopher J. Woolverton (2008). The Evolution of Microorganisms
and Microbiology. Prescott’s Microbiology. 8th Ed. Pp 12 – 17
2
Joanne M. Willey, Linda M. Sherwood, and Christopher J. Woolverton (2008). The Evolution of Microorganisms
and Microbiology. Prescott’s Microbiology. 8th Ed. Pp 12 – 17
1
LIGHT MICROSCOPY LAB 3
The first individual to actually hunt down and find a true microbe was not a full time
scientist. Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723) was a draper and a haberdasher living in the
Netherlands. He made his living by selling clothing to men and devised a method of working
with glass to create convex lenses, or glass spheres. He created a basic version of the single lens
microscope that could magnify and object to 50 to 300 times its original size. Two glass lenses
were held between two silver plates, allowing the observer to see those elusive “invisible
creatures” first theorized by Lucretius.3 Antony van Leeuwenhoek is therefore credited with
being the Father of Microbiology and establishing this field of science.
Figure 2: Replica of Antony van Leeuwenhoek’s microscope. By Jeroen Rouwkema,
CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3657142
What are Microorganisms (Microbes)?
Microorganisms are entities that are generally too small to be seen clearly with the naked
eye. Those that are “larger” are very simple forms of life that don’t have tissues and are rarely
larger than 1 mm.4 Special tools with magnifying power must be utilized on order to observe
them. These can include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and some parasites. Today we know that some
microorganisms can make us ill while others are necessary for us to remain healthy. In fact, one
3
Joanne M. Willey, Linda M. Sherwood, and Christopher J. Woolverton (2008). The Evolution of Microorganisms
and Microbiology. Prescott’s Microbiology. 8th Ed. Pp 12 – 17
4
Joanne M. Willey, Linda M. Sherwood, and Christopher J. Woolverton (2008). The Evolution of Microorganisms
and Microbiology. Prescott’s Microbiology. 8th Ed. Pp 2 – 3
2
LIGHT MICROSCOPY LAB 3
cutting edge field of study is to understand the human “microbiome” and how it can change from
moment to moment and from person to person.
Learn How To Use A Compound Light Microscope
Exercise 1 – Review the parts of the compound light microscope with your Instructor or TA and
summarize what each part does in your own words.
Procedure:
1. Pay attention as your Instructor or TA reviews the names and the function
or each part of the compound light microscope. Summarize what each
part does in your own words.
A.
B.
C.
3
LIGHT MICROSCOPY LAB 3
D.
E.
4
LIGHT MICROSCOPY LAB 3
Exercise 2 – Investigate Inversion
Procedure:
1. Obtain a slide with the letter “E” from your instructor. Hold the slide in
your hands and look at the letter. Is it right-side-up or up-side-down?
2. Place the slide carefully onto the stage keeping it in the same orientation.
Use the metal arms on the stage to hold it in place. Turn the nosepiece so
that the lowest-power lens is aligned over your slide. (Note: This should
be the shortest lens).
3. Use the course-adjustment knob to lift the stage slowly (Note: This should
be the large outer knob). See if you can spot the letter on your slide. You
may need to move the stage to the right or to the left. If you are confused,
ask for assistance from the instructor or TA.
4. When you spot the letter “E,” use the fine-adjustment knob to bring the
image into better resolution (aka: sharpen the image). This will be the
smaller or inner knob. Record your observations below:
Draw the letter “E” as it first appeared,
before you placed it on the slide.
Draw the letter “E” as it appeared when
you look through the lens.
How are the images different?
What happens if you move the slide to
the right? Which direction does the “E”
move?
5
LIGHT MICROSCOPY LAB 3
Exercise 3 – Investigate Depth
Procedure:
1. Obtain a slide colored thread from your Instructor or TA.
2. Place the slide carefully onto the stage. Use the metal arms on the stage to
hold it in place. Turn the nosepiece so that the lowest-power lens is
aligned over your slide. (Note: This should be the shortest lens).
3. Use the course-adjustment knob to lift the stage slowly until you spot the
area where the 3 colored threads meet (Note: This should be the large
outer knob). You may need to move the stage to the right or to the left. If
you are confused, ask for assistance from the instructor or TA.
4. As you change focus, note that only one thread color will be clear at a
time. As the stage moves upward, objects on top should come into focus
first. See if you can determine which thread color is on top, which is in
the middle, and which is on the bottom of the slide.
Depth
Thread Color
Top
Middle
Bottom
Exercise 3 – Observe Slides and Sketch Observations
Procedure:
1. Obtain three slides from your Instructor or TA. These may include human
cells, algae, fungi, or bacteria. Be careful to read the label to know exactly
what it is you are observing.
2. Using the techniques practiced in Exercise 2, observe each slide with your
team members and discuss what exactly you see. Try to describe it in
words and sketch your observations in the space provided below:
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LIGHT MICROSCOPY LAB 3
Slide #1
Name of Slide
Description of Observation
Slide #2
Name of Slide
Description of Observation
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LIGHT MICROSCOPY LAB 3
Slide #3
Name of Slide
Description of Observation
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LIGHT MICROSCOPY LAB 3
Apply the Knowledge
NAME
1. Are all microorganisms pathogenic? Defend your answer.
2. Describe the ‘ideal’ microscope.
3. Describe the difference between magnification and resolution.
4. What is the purpose of mechanical stage on a compound light microscope?
5. Why would an image be inverted when viewed through the lens?
9
LIGHT MICROSCOPY LAB 3
6. To calculate the total magnification for the microorganism that you are viewing, you
would need to multiply the magnification of the ocular lens by the objective lens. Use
this knowledge to calculate the magnification for the letter “E” from lab. Your ocular
lens had a magnification of 10x.
Objective
Objective Lens
Total Magnification
Magnification
Scanning Power
Low Power
High Power
7. The units appropriate for measuring an object under a microscope is either a micrometer
(um) or a nanometer (nm). These are metric units that can be converted to and from
millimeters and centimeters. Use the conversion factors below to calculate the
conversions:
1.0 millimeter (mm)= 1,000 micrometers (um) – 1,000,000 nanometers (nm)
3 mm = _________________________ nm
950,000 nm = _________________________ um
750 um = _____________________________ mm
8. Why would it be beneficial to view the same object at different levels of magnification?
10

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