Affirmative Action Opposing Viewpoints Research Paper I attached the document and is done, I only need the appendix if you contrast the document with the o

Affirmative Action Opposing Viewpoints Research Paper I attached the document and is done, I only need the appendix if you contrast the document with the originally instructions you can see what I refer. Please pass through grammarly and fix the parts have repeated words, errors of punctuation and some sentences is hard to read.I think when you add an appendix, need to reference in the document for put in the appendix. Please be sure you understand my instructions. Surname 1
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Course
Date
Affirmative Action
I.
Introduction
Affirmative Action is a policy intervention effort meant to achieve racial and gender
equality in the United States (Affirmative Action). In the words of Melber, “Affirmative action is
a vital part of public policy advancing equal opportunity.” Years of racial and gender
discrimination have left a lot of people disadvantaged due to a lack of access to opportunities.
Proponents of affirmative action state that it achieves equality; it creates a more just and equal
society (Affirmative Action). On the other hand, opponents claim that it encourages reverse
discrimination, where the majority are racially discriminated (Affirmative Action). The views have
created a controversy surrounding the use of affirmative Action with many cases against it filed in
the United States courts over the years. This text researches affirmative Action, how it works, why
it’s controversial, primary research on Affirmative Action, and opposing viewpoints to Affirmative
Action.
II.
Exploring Affirmative Action
A. Definition and Existing Controversies
Affirmative Action refers to positive actions taken to increase the representation of
minorities and women in areas of culture, education, and employment (Affirmative Action).
Minorities and women have historically been excluded in discriminatory manners, which have led
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to what appears to be discrimination. However, affirmative Action has caused controversies when
used based on race, ethnicity, or gender. Governments and businesses take affirmative Action to
improve the representation to increase people from certain minority groups into various areas of
society. The primary focus is on demographics who have had low images historically from
essential positions in the community, such as academics and professional roles. Pro-affirmative
Action believes that it counters such historical discrimination and gives minority groups a chance
for representation in leadership, professional positions, and critical societal functions.
B. How Affirmative Action Works
In the United States, affirmative became prominent in the 1960s to promote equal
opportunities in different parts of society (Affirmative Action). This was after the passing of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ended segregation that occurred in the United States and banned
discrimination in employment based on race, color, sex, origin, and religion (Affirmative Action).
Areas that Affirmative Approach Focuses on
The act focused on many sectors such as employment, education, accommodation, and
transport, among many others. With the passing of the bill, there was a need for a way that could
be used to enforce the law, which gave rise to the application of Affirmative Action in the United
States. Early applications focused on breaking norms of segregation that occurred in learning
institutions and employment. Despite the existence of affirmative Action, discrimination continued
to thrive and is still a significant problem in the United States.
C. Controversies of Affirmative Action
The primary objective of affirmative Action was to create equal opportunities for minorities
in essential sectors, employment, and education. Many nations have adopted it but remain
controversial, presenting both positive and adverse effects (Bartlett p.2305). One of the most
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massive controversies is the divide that occurs in the judiciary. It’s one of the areas that affirmative
Action is contested with one of the most significant cases being that of Fisher V. University of
Texas.
Opponents’ Take
Opponents of the law view it as reverse discrimination, especially regarding the treatment
of individuals despite their social conditions based on race and gender. It is seen as if affirmative
Action is compensating for bias that occurred rather than focus on creating equal opportunities for
everyone. This situation leaves some races and gender disadvantaged since they have to pave the
way for individuals from minorities when they are equally qualified.
Furthermore, there have been numerous cases on the same with Fisher V. University of
Texas being one example of such claims. The contests in the judiciary have been majorly pleading
for equality in all matters as affirmative action results in some sort of discrimination and
favoritism, which has negative consequences. Some groups now view them as the discriminated
ones since they are overlooked in favor of minority groups. The actions have led to disconcertment
among many people who feel that Affirmative Action should not be used in the United States as it
is discriminatory. The Action brings more disunity amongst people since there are divided
opinions and favoritism based on gender and race, which is what they try to avoid in the first place.
Therefore, opponents have called for affirmative Action to either be changed or abandoned as it
does not yield positive results.
Proponents’ Take
Proponents for affirmative Action argue that it brings about uniformity and ensures that
minority groups are given a chance. One of its greatest achievements is diversity, which is now
rampant in the United States as people are capable of joining institutions and hold significant
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positions in the society, whether political or professional (Herskovic). Such diversity brings about
the goodness of society and ensures that all people lead successful and happy lives as opposed to
when minorities are oppressed. Furthermore, it is argued that without affirmative Action, people
will not be able to enjoy the many benefits it has brought,, such as innovation and economic
growth,, which positively impact the people.
These arguments contradict each other and have created a significant controversy wherever
Affirmative Action is used or involved. Issues such as racism and discrimination have strengthened
the proponents for affirmative Action’s argument while opponents look to make headway and get
affirmative Action banned or removed from the society. This has created a controversy that now
shapes judicial and political stages as the argument intensifies every day. This text supports
affirmative action and addresses arguments from its opponents and how they have created
significant controversy on this topic.
D. Why We Should Care
Racial and gender discrimination in the United States are still rife and have shown how such
prejudice can affect Americans. The constitution of the United States recognized every citizen as
equal. It accorded them all rights and freedoms they require, such as in employment, admission to
schools, and practicing religion openly. However, racism has affected these rights and liberties,
which has seen individuals use their power to deny others valuable opportunities based on their
race, color, and gender. The latest hate crimes against African Americans that have led to the Black
Lives Matter campaign are a clear depiction of what happens when discrimination exists in society.
Therefore, we should do everything possible to eradicate it and ensure that everyone has equal
opportunities.
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E. Research on Affirmative Action
A lot of studies have been carried out to understand how discrimination happens in school
and employment areas. This research has shed a lot of relevant information on how Affirmative
Action is significant and why it should be taken into consideration. African American students
have found it very difficult to access education opportunities due to racial instances that have taken
place in the country. Despite the many actions and laws that are in place to ensure that this does
not happen, it seems as if the problem does not go away at all. People are still discriminated against
based on race, which had become a significant problem in the United States (Herskovic). Students
find it hard to join some schools since they are discriminated against and face a little to no chance
when compared to their white counterparts. This issue has been brought about for a long time and
seems not to go away as more instances are reported every year.
Schools have been accused of racial balancing in which they deny some students chances
to study in their universities (Affirmative Action). Affirmative Action concurs that in the midtwentieth century, a few higher learning institutions admitted African-American students. In one
case study from Florida, such racial discriminations were measured to determine how they affected
students and how discrimination occurred in the first place. The school in question was the School
District of Hillsborough County (SDHC) in Tampa, Florida. In the study, race and ethnicity were
put into four categories: black, Hispanic, white, and others (Prieto, 465). Equality in the school
was measured using the Parity Indexes (PI) and Human Opportunity Index (HOI) (Prieto, 465).
The study found that school opportunities were equally addressed, with all students being able to
achieve a high-quality education. The study determined where policy intervention is necessary and
how students are affected.
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From the study, it can be seen that affirmative Action is a critical policy intervention that
can be used to ensure that people from all backgrounds are provided with a high-quality education.
The study did not just concentrate on race but also economic disadvantages, which have also been
used in the past to deny hard-working students a chance to get a high-quality education. The
research is an excellent example of how affirmative Action works and what it can achieve. It is a
good source of information to show people why Affirmative Action is essential in the United States
and how it positively affects many students.
F. Opposing Viewpoints
Admission in Schools
There have been several reports of racial discrimination against the majority who state that
they have been discriminated against so that minority populations can get a chance in educational
institutions. An excellent example of such Action occurred in the 1970s when a white man who
argued that the University of California Davis School of Medicine rejected his application twice
while accepting minority students with lower grades and test scores (Affirmative Action). The
ruling of the Supreme Court of 1978 was that the use of race as a criterion was constitutional for
college admissions. Such Action is seen as racial discrimination since it affects a person negatively
while favoring another based on skin color. This could represent some sort of racism.
The argument against affirmative Action is based on the fact that educational institutions
should not consider color at all but instead hire people based on their scores, which will allow them
to join a university because they deserve it and not because of their skin color. The situation sheds
light on racial discrimination where individual races are favored; only, in this case, affirmative
Action makes it legal to do so (Ezorsky). Universities can opt to reject white people’s applications
since they are the majority, while others are minorities and are treated much better. In 2005, a
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strategist by the name Edward Blum founded the Project on Fair Representation (POFR) intended
to bring lawsuits against employers and educational institutions that discriminated based on race
(Affirmative Action). His actions led to the creation of Students for Fair Admissions (SFA)
through which he provided financial support to students rejected from schools due to their color.
SFA encouraged and helped Asian American students are suing the prestigious learning
institutions that faced discrimination. For instance, in 2014, it sued both Harvard College and the
University of Carolina-Chapel Hill while representing the Asian American students (Affirmative
Action).
Affirmative Action in Employment
Such issues also occur in the workplace where people are employed based on their color.
The argument is always that it increases diversity in these institutions, which is seen as necessary
in the country. However, opponents view this as racism, which limits their opportunities based on
the color. They argue that they also deserve the same attention and ability to be able to gain
employment opportunities that will enable them to lead successful and happy lives. However,
affirmative Action is in the way of this and holds them back due to their color, which is
unconstitutional (Lempert, 135). In most cases, the courts ruled that affirmative Action should be
narrowed down to avoid discrimination, while others have deemed it illegal.
People argue that Affirmative Action only achieves the opposite by encouraging discrimination
rather than ending it (Affirmative Action). It is considered unfair to use race as a consideration
when admitting students to school. Some argue that students that get enrolled in schools due to
affirmative Action do not perform well since they might have lower grades and test scores than
required. As such, it creates a significant problem for both universities as it is unfair for students
who qualified for these positions and got rejected. Furthermore, it is stated that it prevents students
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from achieving their true potential (Lempert, 135). There is a little incentive for them to meet set
scores since there are spots reserved for them based on their color. The disadvantage not only
affects students who have been rejected but also ones that have been accepted based on race. These
arguments try to show how both parties are disadvantages and that the only Action to remove it is
by ending affirmative Action once and for all.
III.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Affirmative Action is a critical policy intervention that has helped create
equality in employment and education in the United States. Proponents for this approach praise
for its efforts to represent all Americans, while opponents claim that it establishes reverse racism
instead. However, its effects can be felt throughout American history, with many people positively
affected when used. I would encourage all Americans to support Affirmative Action
unconditionally to ensure that our society is equal and fair.
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Works Cited
Affirmative Action.” Gale Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection, Gale, 2020. Gale In
Context: Opposing Viewpoints, https://link-gale-com.uvi.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/PC
3010999135/OVIC?u=uvi_stx&sid=OVIC&xid=655ffdc1. Accessed 6 June 2020.
Bartlett, Katharine T. “Affirmative Action and Social Discord: Why Is Race More Controversial
than Sex.” UCDL Rev. 52 (2018): 2305.
Ezorsky, Gertrude. Racism and justice: The case for affirmative action. Cornell University Press,
2018.
Herskovic, Bernard, and Joao Ramos. “Promoting Educational Opportunities: long-run
implications of affirmative action in college admissions.” Available at SSRN 2628303
(2017).
Lempert, Richard. “Mismatch and Science Desistance: Failed Arguments against Affirmative
Action.” UCLA L. Rev. Discourse 64 (2016): 135.
Melber, Ari. “Affirmative Action Programs Promote Equal Opportunity.” Social Justice, edited
by William Dudley, Greenhaven Press, 2005. Opposing Viewpoints. Gale In Context:
Opposing
Viewpoints
https://link-gale-
com.uvi.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/EJ3010397241/OVIC?u=uvi_stx&sid=OVIC&xid=4408e
e9c. Accessed 6 June 2020. Originally published as “Obama, Race and the Presidency,”
The Nation, 3 Jan. 2008.
Prieto, Lydia M., et al. “Measuring inequality of opportunity in access to quality basic education:
A case study in Florida, US.” ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7.12 (2018): 465.
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Affirmative Action
THESIS: This text researches Affirmative Action, how it works, why it’s controversial, primary
research on Affirmative Action, and opposing viewpoints to Affirmative Action.
I.
Introduction
A. Introduces the topic of affirmative action by defining it and how it is used.
Preliminary information about the topic and how it’s controversial is introduced at
this point.
B. Thesis statement – summarizes main point for the essay and the stance taken to
address affirmative action.
II.
Body
A. What is Affirmative Action?
1. Defines Affirmative action and how it applies to race and gender.
2. Identifies existing controversy on the topic and how different groups of people
either oppose or support the approach.
B. How it works
1. Explains when affirmative action was used and why it was important for it to be
used at the time.
2. Explains areas that the approach focuses on to bring about equality and end
discrimination.
C. Why Affirmative Action is Controversial
1. Explains why affirmative action is controversial through its representation of both
positive and adverse effects.
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2. Describes how opponents of the topic argue against and why they believe that it
should not be used.
3. Describes why proponents of affirmative action believe in it and encourage its use
in the society.
4. Provides examples of individuals who were against affirmative action such as the
case of Fisher V. University of Texas.
D. Why we should care
1. Explains why people should care about affirmative action and how it is important
to our communities and society at large.
E. Research on Affirmative Action
1. Analyzes a source on affirmative action and how it has been applied in the
education system. The case is a primary source that analyzes affirmative action
being used in a public school to aid in all students getting high quality education.
2. Identifies tools that were used to measure discrimination or equality achieved in
the case study.
F. Opposing Viewpoints
1. Affirmative action leads to discrimination – explains why opposes believe that
affirmative action leads to reverse-discrimination by focusing on groups based on
their color and gender.
2. Admissions in school – Explains how opposing sides view the admissions into
school based on affirmative action and why it should be stopped. Provides an
example of a lawsuit against affirmative action in admissions.
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3. Promotes discrimination – explains how affirmative action leads to
discrimination. The opposing view explores how affirmative action leads to
discrimination tendencies.
III.
Conclusion
IV.
Works Cited
RESEARCH PROJECT DRECTIONS
Refer to our textbook, SMG (12th ed.), Part 4: Research Strategies, Ch 17-20 for help at any
time!
Our Research Projects are directly linked to our textbook, The St. Martin’s Guide to
Writing, 12 Edition, Chapter 5, “Analyzing and Synthesizing Opposing Arguments,” p. 154
and Chapter 8, “Justifying an Evaluation,” p. 286.
SMG Chapter 6, Arguing A Position,” p. 191 and Ch 7, “Proposing a Solution,” p. 240 will
help you understand the secondary sources, the 4 strong Articles you decide to use in the
Research Paper. (Helpful Hint: You may browse through, and even read, more than 4
articles—all of which you should then cite in your Annotated Bibliography—but four strong
articles are enough to actually use in the Research Paper itself.)
•
Students are interviewing at least one “expert” on the problem and talking to several other
concerned people. (REQUESTS FOR INTERVIEWS, QUESTIONS AND THANK YOU
FOLLOW-UP NOTES MUST BE INCLUDED IN THE RP APPENDIX [additional or
supplementary material at the end of the Research Paper.])
•
However, besides doing field research, they are doing other primary research (first-hand accounts
or evidence) and secondary research (second-hand information or analysis, commentary, by
earlier researchers) as well—both online & from other sources. Interviews you do are primary
research, and also field research but interviews you find in magazine, journal or newspaper are
examples of secondary research. The Tyler Perry movie I Can Do Bad All By Myself would be a
primary source but a review or discussion of the movie would be a secondary source.
•
For this argumentative or evaluative research paper, students are comparing and contrasting
varying perspectives on…
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