Embry Riddle Aeronautical University Quantitative Methods for Research Paper PLEASE REFERENCE THE ATTACHED INFO ABOUT QUANTITATIVE METHODS AS WELL AS THE P

Embry Riddle Aeronautical University Quantitative Methods for Research Paper PLEASE REFERENCE THE ATTACHED INFO ABOUT QUANTITATIVE METHODS AS WELL AS THE PREVIOUSLY COMPLETED PARTS OF THIS RESEARCH PAPER

For this activity you will:

State your Research Topic, Objective/Purpose, and Research Question(s).
List and label the dependent and independent variables.
State the null and alternate hypotheses.
Describe which quantitative methods could be used to address your research question(s). Describe any that could be applied.
Explain which would be the most appropriate and why.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the method you select. Quantitative methods and data analysis are important steps in your research process. These
findings are often more reliable and objective, examine relationships between variables and can
test your hypothesis.
To better understand how you will use quantitative methods and data analysis to support your
research, read the following.
https://www.scribbr.com/category/methodology/

Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
1
Díaz, V., Montalvo, Z., & Banfi, G. (2011). White blood cell counts in elite triathletes over four
consecutive seasons. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(5), 893-4. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/10.1007/s00421-010-1701-6
In this article, the scholars seek to determine the impact that exercise by triathletes has on
the count on white blood cells in their bodies. The study examines this concept in these
athletes for a period of over four consecutive seasons. This study is useful to my study
because it provides insight on similar issues as my study. Further, it reliable and credible
because it is peer-reviewed and published in an accredited journal. Finally, in terms of
currency, the article is a bit current having been published within a period of fewer than
ten years.
Fife, B. (2011). The Detox Book, 3rd Edition: How to Detoxify Your Body to Improve your
Health, Stop Disease, and Reverse Aging Third Edition. Piccadilly Books, Limited; Third
Edition edition (September 1, 2011) Retrieved from
https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=YtEwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123&lpg=PA123&dq=
books+on+How++exercising+affect+white+blood+cell+count&source=bl&ots=wojkJT0Bh&sig=ACfU3U3fW7r9WVthV4Do3lgsVngBRpcBfA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahU
KEwinxKD_vvLpAhVJPcAKHRXFDioQ6AEwCXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=books
%20on%20How%20%20exercising%20affect%20white%20blood%20cell%20count&f=f
alse
In this book, the author indicates that exercise plays a critical role in elevating the number
of white blood cells. As such, it makes the argument that people exercise more have
more WBC and can detox the body. This book is important because it provides a different
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
2
perspective on the matter. It is also credible and reliable as a published academic book. In
terms of currency, it a bit recent having been published less than a decade ago.
Horn, P. L, Pyne, D. B., Hopkins, W. G., and Barne, C. J. (2010). Lower white blood cell counts
in elite athletes training for highly aerobic sports. Arbeitsphysiologie 110(5):925-32
Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45272697_Lower_white_blood_cell_counts_in
_elite_athletes_training_for_highly_aerobic_sports
In this article, the scholars sought to examine the level of white blood cells in athletes
from their blood samples collected over ten years. The findings of the study revealed that
these athletes had lower white blood cells especially those participating in endurance
sports. This study is useful y my study because it provides related information. Further, it
is credible and reliable because it relied on primary longitudinal data collected over a
long time. Finally, in terms of currency, it is a bit old but still reliable to provide useful
information.
Jafari, M. (2019) Effect of Running Training on White Blood Cells and Platelets Count and Red
Blood
Cells
Distribution
10.5812/intjssh.89513
Width
in
Untrained
Retrieved
Middle-Aged
Men.
DOI:
from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332402007_Effect_of_Running_Training_on_
White_Blood_Cells_and_Platelets_Count_and_Red_Blood_Cells_Distribution_Width_in
_Untrained_Middle-Aged_Men
In this study, the scholar sought to determine how exercising affects blood cells within the
body. The findings revealed that within three months the number of erythrocytes,
leukocytes, and platelets had increased improving a person’s ability to fight cardiovascular
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
3
disease. It’s significant since it provides essential information. It is credible since it engaged
in a primary study and had controlled and its fairly recent having been published last year.
Johannsen, N. M., Swift, D. L., Johnson, W. D., Dixit, V. D., Earnest, C. P., Blair, S. N., &
Church, T. S. (2012). Effect of different doses of aerobic exercise on total white blood
cell (WBC) and WBC subfraction number in postmenopausal women: Results from
DREW. PLoS One, 7(2) DOI:
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0031319
In this article, the scholars sought t determine the impact that engaging in aerobics
exercise had on the number of white blood cells. The study revealed that engaging in
aerobics exercise significantly reduced the number of WBC in overweight subjected. This
article is useful for my study since it provides important information. it is credible and
reliable since the scholars undertook a primary study and the findings of their study were
peer-reviewed. The study is also current and therefore provides a recent view on the
matter.
Johannsen, N. M., Priest, E. L., Dixit, V. D., Earnest, C. P., Blair, S. N., & Church, T. S. (2010).
Association of white blood cell subfraction concentration with fitness and fatness. British
Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(8), 588. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/10.1136/bjsm.2008.050682
In this article, the scholars sought to determine the association that existed between
fatness and fitness and with cells. The study revealed that fitness had an inverse
relationship with the number of WBC while fatness had a direct relationship. This is
important to my study since it sheds pertinent information on the topic. Further, it’s
credible and reliable since the scholars undertook actual experiments and their findings
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
4
have been peer-reviewed. In terms of currency, the article is a bit old since its over a
decade since its publication.
Natale, V. M., Brenner, I. K., Moldoveanu, A. I., Vasiliou, P., Shek, P. Shephard, R. J. (2003).
Effects of three different types of exercise on blood leukocyte count during and following
exercise so Paulo Med. J. vol.121 no.1 São Paulo 2003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S151631802003000100003. Retrieved from
https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-31802003000100003
In this article, the scholars sought to determine how different sets of exercise affects cell
count in the body of eight males who were moderately fit. The findings revealed that two
sets of this exercise that is prolonged submaximal and aerobics changed the cell count
more largely although the effect of aerobics lasted longer. This article is essential for my
study since it shed significant information on the subject. It is credible and reliable
because it was peer-reviewed and published in a credible journal. The article a bit old but
still contains significant information
Nevesa, P. R. D, Tenórioa, T. R.D., Lins, T. A., Muniz, M. T. C., Pithon-Curic, C. T., Botero,
J. P., and Pradoae, W. L.D. (2014)Acute effects of high- and low-intensity exercise bouts
on leukocyte counts. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness Volume 13, Issue 1, June
2015, Pages 24-28 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2014.11.003 Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1728869X14000471
In this article, the scholars sought to determine the impact that exercising has on the
levels of leukocyte counts. The findings revealed that when the subjects engaged in highintensity exercise they had more leukocyte count. This article is useful to my study since
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
5
it provides a different perspective on the effect of exercise. It is credible and valid since it
was published in a credible journal and in terms of its currency, it is a recent publication.
Sand, K. L., Flatebo, T., Andersen, M. B., and Maghazachi, A.A (2013). Effects of exercise on
leukocytosis and blood hemostasis in 800 healthy young females and males World J Exp
Med.
2013
Feb
20;
3(1):
11–20.
Retrieved
from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3905589/
In these articles, the scholars undertook a longitudinal study for six years and brought
together 800 participants who were both male and female. They sought to determine the
impact that exercises even leisure had on the count hemostasis and leukocytosis. It revealed
that they increased. This study is useful since it provides insight into the same area of study.
It is also credible and valid given the length of time it took, the size of the population, and
the fact that its results are published in a professional journal. Finally, it is a fairly recent
publication providing information on developments in the field.
Shirato, K., Motohashi, N., Tanihata, J., Tachiyashiki, K., Tomoda, A., & Imaizumi, K. (2006).
Effects of two types of inactivity on the number of white blood cells in rats. European
Journal of Applied Physiology, 98(6), 590-600. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/10.1007/s00421-006-0306-6
In this article, the scholars sought to determine the impact that suspension and immobility
have on the immune systems of rats in terms of white blood cells. The study which took
eleven days revealed that the number of white blood cells increased. An assessment of
this article shows that it is useful to my study as it touches on the issue of interest.
Further, it’s reliable since it’s published in a peer-reviewed journal. However, it a little old
based on its year of publication which is over a decade.
Running head: DATA COLLECTION
1
Research Topic: What is the effect of exercising on people?
Research Objective/purpose: The study seeks to determine the effects that exercising has on
the immune system of a person
Research Question: How does exercising affect white blood cell count?
Population of Study
The population of the study, in this case, will be members of the college community. The
college population brings together diverse individuals with different lifestyle choices. In this
population, some people engage in exercise and some do not. Some people exercise frequently
and some exercise on an irregular basis. The study population will, therefore, be individuals from
these diverse lifestyles categories
Sample
Sampling seeks to select people within a population of study to generate a
representational population whose findings can be generalized to the entire population. The
sampling process is therefore critical in research because it helps to determine the validity of the
results (Trochim, 2020). An appropriate sample is one that has a representative from the entire
population. This sample brings together individuals from those who engage in active exercise,
those who do not, those who exercise frequently as well as that exercise once in a while. Having
several individuals from these categories will yield an appropriate sample (Barratt and
Shantikumar, 2018). In order to accomplish this, I would take 100 people of varying age from
each of the following categories: spend less then 5 hours being active in a week, spend 5-15
hours per week and spend more then 15 hours being active in a week.
Data Collection Method
DATA COLLECTION
2
To collect data for this study, the most appropriate mode of data collection that will be
adopted is an experimental approach. This data will seek to capture the level of white blood cells
of the sample population before and after engaging in an exercise. The experimental design will
rely on drawing blood from the sample individuals and determining the impact that the exercise
has on the white blood cell count.
Although the sample will be drawn from different groups within the school community
and genders, their names and personally identifiable information will be held anonymously.
Further, taking part in the study will depend on the consent of these individuals. Steps will also
be taken to ensure that the ethical procedures that are related to this form of study are adhered to
and approval is obtained from the relevant authorities.
Appropriateness of the Method
The experimental method is appropriate for this study because it will be able to generate
primary data which can be used to shed light on the matter under study. Measuring the number of
white blood cells before and after the exercise will shed light on the impact that it has on an
individual’s body. Further, it will help to eliminate the confusion that exists in the field on the
actual impact of exercise as scholars report contradicting results. On one hand scholars such as
Natale, Brenner, Moldoveanu, Vasiliou, Shek, and Shephard, (2003) and Nevesa, Tenórioa, Lins,
Muniz, Pithon-Curic, Botero, and Pradoae (2014) report that exercise increases the level of white
blood cells while Johannsen, Swift, Johnson, Dixit, Earnest, Blair and Church (2012) and
Shirato, Motohashi, Tanihata, Tachiyashiki, Tomoda and Imaizumi (2006) report that exercises
lower the count on WBC.
Alternative Method
DATA COLLECTION
The alternative method which can be used to shed light on this question is the use of
secondary data obtained through a retrospective study. Here instead of having an experiment,
records of similar experiments that have been recorded over a substantial length of time will be
utilized. Therefore unlike the present study which is a cross-sectional approach studying the
individual at one moment in time, this method would take a longitudinal approach and have
access to data for a longer period.
Appropriateness of the Alternative
The alternative approach is also appropriate because it provides a significant body f data
that one can use to see the impact that exercise has on an individual’s white blood cells count
over a prolonged.
Best method
Although the secondary data can provide more comprehensive information on the study,
the experimental method will be the most suitable. This is because data will be readily available
and its quality can be ensured.
3
DATA COLLECTION
4
Reference
Barratt, H., and Shantikumar, S. (2018). Methods of sampling from a population. Retrieved from
https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/research-methods/1aepidemiology/methods-of-sampling-population
Trochim,
W,
M.
K
(2020)
Research
Methods
fromhttps://conjointly.com/kb/sampling-in-research/
Knowledge
Base
Retrieved
Introduction
Health rated challenges have been on the rise as weakened immune systems make it
impossible for people to fight off disease. It is, therefore, necessary to determine ways that
individuals can improve the strength of their immune systems and control the number of white
blood cells which are indicators of the state of the body. Exercise has often put forth as a way of
improving the general wellbeing of the individual. There however a need to establish the impact
that exercise has white blood cell count.
Literature Review
A look at the literature on how exercising affects white blood cell count shows that
several studies have been conducted in the area. Johannsen, Swift, Johnson, Dixit, Earnest, Blair,
and Church (2012) asserted that when an individual has an elevated level of white blood cells, it
is an indicator that they are risk of developing coronary heart disease as well as death. As such,
people should work on reducing the number of WBC in their bodies. The scholars assert that for
a person to lower this count, they must engage in aerobic exercise. In their study, the scholars
established that when dealing with overweight subjects, aerobics was able to change the count of
WBC.
In contrast, the book by Fife (2011) takes a differing view. While these scholars
indicated that exercise reduces the number of WBC, the book indicates that the count of these
cells increases with exercise. According to this text, WBCs are essential to detox the body and
destroy harmful substances from the body. As such, individuals should aim to increase them by
engaging in vigorous exercise and detox their body. Natale, VBrenner, Moldoveanu, Vasiliou,
Shek, and Shephard (2003) agree with the assertions of Fife (2011) which indicate that number
of WBC increase with exercise. While looking at three sets of an exercise, the scholars
established that during the exercise, the number of cells increased but the impact was temporally
lasting for approximately three hours. Further, the scholars assert that aerobics exercise had the
greatest impact with the count being highest at peak. Nevesa, Tenórioa, Lins, Muniz, PithonCuric, Botero, and Pradoae (2014) also agreed that exercise increased the number of white blood
cells specifically lymphocytosis and monocytosis immediately after exercise.
Scholars Shirato, Motohashi, Tanihata, Tachiyashiki, Tomoda, and Imaizumi (2006) also
undertook a study in the same area and agreed with Johannsen et al (2012) while disagreeing
with the assertions of Fife (2011) and. Natale, VBrenner, Moldoveanu, Vasiliou, Shek, and
Shephard (2003). While studying inactive rats (suspension and immobilization) the scholars
revealed that the number of white blood cells increased. The inactivity of these animals led to the
crease of WBC. In the contrast, Horn, Pyne, Hopkins, and Barne (2010) in their study established
that elite athletes who were engaged in training to take part in highly aerobic sports had lower
levels of white blood cells.
In another study, Johannsen, Priest, Dixit, Earnest, Blair, and Church (2010) took a
Cross-sectional study in an aerobic center which brought together 452 men. The findings of their
revealed that fitness had an inverse relationship with the number of WBC while fatness had a
direct relationship
Research Question
1. How does exercising affect white blood cell count?
Theoretical Framework
A review of the literature review on the impact that exercising has white blood cell count
reveals that there is a disagreement on its impacts. Some of the literature reviewed revealed that
scholars believed that exercise has the impact of increasing white blood cells in the body which
is a healthy concept (Fife (2011;.Natale, Brenner, Moldoveanu, Vasiliou, Shek and Shephard,
2003);. Nevesa, Tenórioa, Lins, Muniz, Pithon-Curic, Botero and Pradoae, 2014)
On the other hand, there is a body of studies that reveal that exercise has the opposite
effect of lowering white blood cells which the scholars perceive as healthy. As such, the scholars
assert that when individual engage in vigorous exercise they reduce the WBC count which is a
healthy indicator (Johannsen, Swift, Johnson, Dixit, Earnest, Blair and Church, 2012; Shirato,
Motohashi, Tanihata, Tachiyashiki, Tomoda and Imaizumi, 2006; Horn, Pyne, Hopkins and
Barne, 2010; Johannsen, Priest, Dixit, Earnest, Blair, and Church, 2010).
Given these differences in opinion and findings, the logical question that arises from the
review is “how does exercising affect white blood cell count?” In this case, the independent
variable is white blood cell count while the independent variable is exercising.
Hypotheses
1. Exercising increases white blood cell count
2. Exercising decreases white blood cell count
3. Increased white blood cell count improves an individual’s health
4. Decreased white blood cell count improves an individual’s health
Reference
Horn, P. L, Pyne, D. B., Hopkins, W. G., and Barne, C. J. (2010). Lower white blood cell counts
in elite athletes training for highly aerobic sports Arbeitsphysiologie 110(5):925-32
Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45272697_Lower_white_blood_cell_counts_in
_elite_athletes_training_for_highly_aerobic_sports
Johannsen, N. M., Priest, E. L., Dixit, V. D., Earnest, C. P., Blair, S. N., & Church, T. S. (2010).
Association of white blood cell subfraction concentration with fitness and fatness. British
Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(8), 588. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/10.1136/bjsm.2008.050682
Johannsen, N. M., Swift, D. L., Johnson, W. D., Dixit, V. D., Earnest, C. P., Blair, S. N., &
Churc…
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